Foundation design steps

- Reinforcement requirements are calculated based on the Jul 31, 2023 · The soil analysis is a critical step in the foundation design process, as it provides engineers and geotechnical experts with valuable information to recommend the most suitable foundation type. OIL . Here are 10 steps that are generally followed during building foundation construction. In the field, load tests can be carried out by means of square plates measuring 0. The Design Council’s Double Diamond Framework divides the process into four steps: (1) Discover, (2) Define, (3) Develop, and (4) Deliver. - The required diameter of the raft footing is calculated to be 12. Traditionally, engineers use conventional types of foundation systems, such as shallow gravity-based foundations (GBF), suction caissons, or slender piles or monopiles, based on prior May 27, 2023 · The foundation is a vital component of any structure, bearing the load of the entire building and transferring it to the ground. Fill with polyurethane or similar caulking. Definition of design strips is a very important part in SAFE modeling for raft/mat foundations and slab designs. Design and Engineering: The first step in constructing a pylon foundation is to consult with a structural engineer or a qualified professional. 2. The maximum settlement should generally be limited to the following […] Jan 29, 2018 · Step 9: Distribute the moments using transverse distribution. 8:57. In some situations the upper surface can be stepped or sloped. Design procedures. Iterate. For this following steps needs to be followed: We need to calculate the spacing of the piles. Choose a site with suitable soil conditions, ideally with a professional assessment. 6 of IS 2911:2010, section -1 of the part-1 we can get the specifications for the piles. Remove any rocks, roots, or debris that might interfere with the foundation. Dealing with Water and Moisture May 27, 2023 · A stepped footing foundation, also known as a stepped footing or a stepped foundation, is a type of foundation design used in construction to support a structure. This includes considering the dead loads (weight of the building components), live loads (occupants, furniture, equipment, etc. Below is a step-by-step guide on how to add your Interaction Design Foundation course(s) to your LinkedIn profile: Log in to your LinkedIn account, then go to your profile. , step heights must be no greater than three-quarters of step length, and vertical footing sections must be at least 6 in. com/produ Sep 20, 2010 · Step 4 - Lay the Foundation. Mat or raft foundations. The Contractor has to follow the foundation layout drawing for excavation prepared by the structural designer and approved by the Architect. Minimum dimensions of footing = √5. Foundation design must be robust due to the enormous cost of retrofitting in a challenging environment should any problem occur during the design lifetime. Feb 15, 2024 · Step 2: Stone Drainage Bed Installation. These can be considered as a series of steps or stages –. ROCEDURE FOR . The Structural Committee . Feb 9, 2024 · 1 Type of foundation. The first step in building a pier and beam foundation is to excavate the area where the piers will be placed. The words “Interaction Design Foundation” form an implied semicircular line in our logo. In this special project the method used in the design called “the Conventional Rigid Method” and all design steps will be shown in the The interaction design (IxD) process is the methodological approach that designers use to create solutions centered on users’ needs, aims and behavior when they interact with products. Therefore stepped foundation is fairly common in building construction. Reinforced concrete foundations, or footings, transmit loads from a structure to the supporting soil. DESIGN PROCEDURE. 1. Loads from this column to the foundation are: Vertical Load: 1000 kN Uniaxial Moment: 100 kNm The safe bearing capacity (SBC) of soil is 300 kN/m2. Setting batter boards to level the house. Let’s explore the key steps involved in excavation and site clearing: 1. When high bearing capacity and resistance to lateral stresses are required for buildings, bridges, dams, and other structures, they are frequently used. Digging trenches for footings. Ensure that no underground utilities are present. 📄📄. 00 a square foot. of . Lumber for triple 2×10 beams adds about $1,200 to the cost, bringing the full cost in under $3,000, or about $5. Combined footings. The width of footings should be laid according to structural design. 447m. 10 Heave precautions; 4. Hi friends, I discovered that you guys are really into these quick structural design mails, as the open rates are quite high. Limit state philosophy. 7 Foundations in shrinkable soils; 4. 4- Find out bending moment and shear forces at the critical section. The foundation is constructed according to the design. In the design of strap footing, it is assumed that the strap beam is rigid and does not transfer any load by bearing on the soil at its bottom contact surface. Step 8: Transfer of column forces to the base 16. Foundation types. 2 22. In UCD, design teams involve users throughout the design process via a variety of research and design techniques, to create highly usable and accessible products for them. Dec 30, 2017 · Design Procedure of foundation. We’ve seen design thinking transform lives and organizations, and on occasion we’ve seen it fall short when approached superficially, or without a solid foundation of study. 2. Marking the Perimeter: Before excavation, use stakes and string to mark the exact perimeter of the crawl space foundation. Defining Design Strips. Foundations transfer forces from structural systems to some external source, typically the ground. It is desired to design the raft slab shown below to support the column loads for a building as given below. 6. 3- Find out the critical section for flexure and shear. That’s why in this post we’ll show you, step-by step, how to design a pad foundation in clay with a worked example. Carryout more rigorous buckling analyses and carrying out the design. Stage 3: Ideate—Challenge Assumptions and Create Ideas. 8 Foundation Construction Steps | House Foundation Construction Steps 8. A structure can be founded on piles if the soil immediately beneath its base does not have adequate bearing capacity. A shape has two dimensions: length and width. Step 2: Preparing for Installation. Cutting Edge Fabrication. Assume dimension of the foundation. 1) or circular (Fig. Choosing the foundation type taking into consideration –. Further reading shall be done before carrying out design. Let the footings cure, then dig a 4-inch trench between them and fill it with tamped gravel. Step 6: Reinforcing Steel Placement and Concrete Pouring. V. These frameworks largely define the same process, with varying Clear and level the site where you want to build your cabin. The foundation design entails several critical steps, including soil investigation, foundation type selection, design calculations, and construction specifications. Layout the area for the foundation and mark the perimeter. They will analyze the load requirements, soil conditions, and other factors to determine the appropriate design May 12, 2019 · 4. Apr 11, 2018 · Calculate the foundation Area: The foundation area is gotten from the characteristic (working) loads and estimated allowable pressure. About a 6 to 8 inches gap in between each grillage, it must be set, and we have to set a framework of reinforcement connections using binding wire inside the formwork. 0 concentric with the loaded area. 3. Stage 4: Prototype—Start to Create Solutions. Sep 21, 2020 · Mat foundations also are known as raft foundations, is a thick concrete slab placed on the ground as the foundation of the structure. Here's a walkthrough of the key steps involved in this intricate process: The thickness of pad foundations are generally uniform. Pad or isolated footings. The Foundation Performance This document provides calculations for the design of a circular raft foundation. Which says as follows: Here we have taken an example to depict how the calculations are done for an isolated footing. The raft is modeled in SAFE software. Figure 1: Load Application Plan @ Base His experience includes commercial, industrial, and residential building design. This process will help you know the type or combined type of foundation that should be use. a) Determining the load: We need to calculate the total load that the foundation requires to support, including the weight of the building, contents, and people. Feb 8, 2024 · Challenges and Solutions in Foundation Design and Construction. 3. by . Grading the lot and getting it tested for compaction. Find plan area. Follow these steps to build the formwork: Mar 16, 2022 · Building Foundations design and construction guide. 5 meter from the original ground level. Design Example of a Flat Raft Foundation. Nail the wooden boards together at the corners and make sure they can support the concrete. Settlement. Hence the best-recommended depth of foundation is from 1. Kameswara Rao covers the key aspects of the subject, including principles of testing, interpretation, analysis, soil-structure interaction modeling, construction guidelines, and applications to rational design. Ground treatment (geotechnical processes) Changes of soil properties during excavation. It must be carefully designed and constructed to ensure the stability and longevity of the structure it supports. 7. IERS IN . D. Dig a trench around the perimeter of the site, about 12 inches deep and 12 inches wide. b) Determining the soil bearing capacity: We have to conduct a soil investigation so that we can determine the type of soil and its bearing CHAPTER 6 - FOUNDATION DESIGN. . 12 Foundation depth charts; 4. Bearing capacity. Mar 1, 2024 · Excavation and site clearing are crucial steps in the construction of a house foundation. What is Design Process? A definition and a full list of UX literature that deals with Design Process, from the world’s biggest and most authoritative library of UX design resources. In this workflow, you can select loads and geometry to pass to a new STAAD Foundation Advanced project. May 20, 2022 · The foundation can be stepped as shown in Figure 1. This design phase includes selecting the appropriate precast concrete elements, such as footings, piers, and wall panels, and ensuring they are properly sized and reinforced to support the load of the structure. As with other types of foundations, the purpose of a pile foundations is: to transmit a foundation load to a solid ground. Step 3: Building Formwork. Mia. Laurin Ernst. 1 22. The Foundation Design workflow integrates STAAD Foundation Advanced into STAAD. Dig out dirt for the footings and slab according to the plans while following building and safety codes. In a structural model, foundations are often represented as Supports, or boundary conditions. Dan’s expertise and relationship with prefabricated metal building fabricators, suppliers, and builders ensures our designs are structurally adequate, but also economical and easily constructible. Clear the area of debris, vegetation, and any obstructions. This will create a footing for the foundation, which will support the weight of the cabin. 2- Assume suitable thickness of the footing. Placement and Assembling of Cutting Edge. They consist of two separate bases that are connected (balanced) by a strap beam. Also, we have assumed 75 mm brick flat soling as well as PCC with M 10 as the grade of concrete in PCC. Oct 12, 2006 · Foundation safety criteria. Mat foundations are constructed on various occasions such as building construction, bridge construction, tower construction, etc. Cold joints are not structural sound in a foundation wall. The following procedures should help to achieve this and an ‘educated’ client will recognize the importance of funding this work with a realistic fee. 6122 - Foundation and Bearing Walls . 00 meter to 1. Decide the Location of Columns & Foundation and Type of Loads Table of contents. Installing rebar (and using safety caps) D. info@metal-building-foundations. Well Curb Construction. Step 7: Finishing Concrete and Insulation Installation. Figure 8-1. The summary of calculation steps is as follows. 3 Function of piles. The column dimensions, grade of concrete and steel, design axial load, design bending moment of the structure, and soil bearing capacity are assumed. Post-construction foundation failure. A design standard that is referred to is the part of Eurocode 3 for the structural design of steel piles: A raft or mat foundation is a sizable concrete slab or slab-and-beam system which supports all the loads of superstructure through walls or columns in two or more rows and rests on soil layer or rock. Good design must not only be safe but must aim to save construction costs, time and materials. Make sure the wooden boards form the entire lengths and widths. 🕑 Reading time: 1 minuteDesign of Raft Foundations - Methods and Calculations According to IS – 2950:1965, the design criteria of raft footings are given below: The maximum differential settlement in foundation on clayey soils and sandy soils should not exceed 40mm and 25mm respectively. All analysis and design are based on the ACI code. The final step in the design process is construction. 1. So today we are covering what verifications you need to do to design a pad foundation. Calculate the shear forces and bending moments at the salient Apr 4, 2021 · April 4, 2021. Locate the point of application of the column loads on the footing. Footing foundations, also known as spread, combined, or mat footings, transmit design loads into the underlying soil mass through direct contact with the soil immediately beneath the footing. Jul 22, 2020 · There are two methods/steps to design a pile. Design Principle of Pad Foundation As defined, the pad foundation is supposed to spread the concentrated load safely to the bearing stratum. If we are dealing with the shallow foundations, the last option of the shallow Apr 14, 2023 · A shallow foundation is a type of foundation that transfers a load of a structure to the soil near the surface. (435) 896-8266. Designing and constructing foundations present a unique set of challenges, each requiring careful consideration and strategic solutions. The order of the suggested calculation steps are shown below: (1) Establish design basis (design criteria: ULS, FLS, SLS) and Key aspects and considerations for shallow, slab on grade foundation design: 1. Reinforcem Step by step procedure for structural design of isolated footing is discussed below: Isolated Footing Design Example: Let us consider an isolated footing for an RCC column of size 450mm x 450mm. There are two main types of foundations for water towers: shallow and Dec 20, 2020 · Design of Pile Foundation. This process starts with a geotechnical investigation to determine the soil characteristics and conditions of the site, such as soil type, bearing capacity, water table level, and Dec 18, 2018 · Design Steps For a Shallow Foundation. Strap footings or cantilever footings are a special form of combined footings. It's a dance between ensuring structural stability and optimizing resources, all while keeping environmental impact in mind. Start with a simple project like a blog. Stage 2: Define—State Your Users' Needs and Problems. This involves preparing the site, setting up the formwork, placing the rebar, pouring the concrete, and allowing it to cure. 🙈🙈. Oct 5, 2022 · Step 1: Excavation. On sloped sites, footings must be kept level, so the footings will have to be stepped. Ground breaking, excavation. 1 Introduction. BRIDGE FOUNDATION DESIGN SDG 10 . foundation design recommendations GD performs final geotechnical design as needed and provides final geotechnical report for the structure. Aug 02, 2023. Dec 2, 2020 · Pad foundation is a category 2 structure, and this design is to be done using prescriptive methods: Let 10% of the service load account for the self-weight of the pad foundation. Grounding of Well Curb. To allow removal of topsoil and variations in ground level. Footings dug, rebar set, inspection, footings poured. Proportion the footing such that the resultant of loads passes through the center of footing. S. The book is packed full of both 2d and 3d details all of which are available to download as both dwg cad files and . Sep 6, 2022 · Basic Design Procedure. We In Foundation Design: Theory and Practice, Professor N. The next step is to design the foundation based on your house’s specifications and local building codes. Design steps of Spread Footing Foundation. Interaction of superstructure and soil. Principles of foundation design The main role of foundations is to structurally support the building by transferring the loads As we want to design the pile cap of the pile foundation we need to fix the geometry of the pile cap. Calculation of anticipated structural loading (s). skp sketchup files. Decide on depth of foundation. Building the formwork accurately is crucial for ensuring the proper shape and dimensions of the foundation. The results of the soil analysis influence the choice between shallow and deep foundations or even slab-on-grade foundations , depending on the site's Dec 7, 2023 · Step 4: Building the Formwork. This article is an excerpt from Residential Construction Details - US Edition. Building a Solid Raft Slab Foundation. ) and environmental loads (rain, seismic SkyCiv Concrete Foundation Design reports show the full step-by-step calculations made by the software in which structural engineers can review: References to relevant chapters, checks, and assumptions for all calculations for ACI 318, EN 1992-1-1, 1997-1 and AS 3600 With 174,689 graduates, the Interaction Design Foundation is the biggest online design school globally. Key details include: - The total load on the foundation is 11617 kN. The minimum practical depth of foundation should not be less than 50 cm. This is done so that the program will analyze the model according to design strips and interpret accordingly on how much area or number of rebar are required in the strip assign. In contrast, pile-supported foundations transmit design loads into the adjacent soil mass through pile friction, end bearing, or both. Tip: Models containing a large number of supported nodes or load cases may result in slow performance on older The Design Steps followed in the Design of Footings are. 99 = 2. 5317 - Multiple Wall Framing Layers Sep 26, 2013 · What are the steps used in spread foundation design? Following are the steps used in spread foundation design. Put your knowledge into action and build something. The IxD process has 5 stages: discovering user needs, analyzing them, designing a potential solution, prototyping it and then implementing and deploying it. The design of pad foundation is simple and straight which makes them an economic solution. Focus is given to the most-practiced world-wide techniques: sand compaction piles (SCP), stone columns, and the deep mixing A comprehensive study by Terzaghi (1955) of the parameters affecting the coefficient of subgrade reaction indicated that the value of the coefficient decreases with the width of the foundation. Raft foundation can be design using several methods. Step 01 Introducing the basics of foundation design, with a step by step example using two different methods to solve for max and min bearing pressures. Formwork is the temporary structure that shapes the concrete slab foundation and holds the concrete in place until it sets. 9:31. I've been using the Stabila LA180L Layout Station for the last 3 years and reviewed it for The Journal of Light Construction (https://www. Step lengths must be at least 2 ft. In the following fields add: User-centered design (UCD) is an iterative design process in which designers focus on the users and their needs in each phase of the design process. e. Proper preparation is key to the success of a floating concrete slab foundation. Following are the steps in foundation construction, 1. Strip footings. Calculate the Critical Buckling Load and check whether it is greater than the applied load. Assessment of site conditions in the context of the site and soil investigation report. The interdependency of design steps and necessary inputs for all steps are shown in Fig. to resist vertical, lateral and uplift load. Aug 2, 2023 · Designing a pad foundation is never really taught fully in university or textbooks. Feb 8, 2024 · Designing a footing foundation is a meticulous process that requires a blend of scientific knowledge, practical experience, and technological aid. Aug 2, 2023 · Pad Foundation Design. From variable soil conditions to water management, let's explore some common hurdles and how they're overcome. Estimate service load I. It is most useful to tackle ill-defined or unknown problems and involves five phases: Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype and Test. In this chapter information about the building site and the building structure are combined and used to determine the size of footings, reinforcing for the foundation, and the size and spacing of an-chorage used to tie the unit to the foundation. Shape. Types of footings. Tie beams. May 16, 2023 · In this step-by-step guide, we will outline the process of building a pylon foundation. Form a gap of at least 1/2-inch width around all plumbing and utility lead-ins through the slab to a depth of at least 1/2 inch. 6 Excavation of foundations; 4. Teo Yu Siang and Interaction Design Foundation, CC BY-NC-SA 3. The ground has essentially infinite stability, which makes it a great place to transfer the loads of your structure. A safety factor is provided for safety during foundation design. 8. 2(b) Check if 2. Step 4: Placing Insulation Layer. Pro. Step 5: Polyethylene and Sand Installation. 1 (800 + 425)/225 = 5. 13 Foundation depth Steps for Design of Combined Footing. They will hold the concrete that you pour to create the foundation. 99 m 2. Footings are designed based on the nature of the loading, the properties of the footing and the properties of the soil. a. 5. Estimate dead load, live load and other loads before spread foundation design. 2429 - Shower Wall Types 404 - Design Wainscoting for Walls and Stairways . Find out more about Residential Construction Details. Jan 1, 2017 · The foundation design procedure compliant with the current codes of practice can be summarized in the following 10 major steps. Site Selection and Preparation. In Clause 6. XPANSIVE . The first step is to choose the type of foundation that suits the site conditions and the tower design. But both are necessary for structural documentation. Design thinking is a non-linear, iterative process that teams use to understand users, challenge assumptions, redefine problems and create innovative solutions to prototype and test. Calculate loads from structure, surcharge, active & passive pressures, etc. Level the Concrete. RILLED . It is typically used when the soil has the adequate bearing capacity and the structural loads are relatively low. Overall Design Process for LRFD Foundation Design. 8 m to keep the bearing pressure below the allowable 130 kN/m^2. Deep foundations are structural components that divert stresses away from weak or unstable surface soils and onto deeper, more stable soil layers or rock formations. Each of these steps must be carefully managed to ensure that the foundation is constructed according to the design specifications. Foundation Design Generalized Design Steps Design of foundations with variable conditions and variable types of foundation structures will be different, but there are steps that are typical to every design, including: 1. Shallow foundations are less expensive and quicker to construct than deep foundations. What are the 5 Stages of the Design Thinking Process. The maximum bending moment due to wind is 13447 kNm. Aug 4, 2021 · Foundation Construction Steps. 10-6 | TDOT STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES . C. Generally, a footing may have to carry a load-bearing wall or a single column or more than one column to support the structure. Factored forces are transferred to the foundation at the base of the column by bearing on concrete and the reinforcement dowels. Use an impervious cover sheet or wetted burlap. It is characterized by having multiple horizontal tiers or steps that gradually increase in size as they move away from the base of the foundation. service load = DL + LL/2. For the strip foundation of duplexes and commercial buildings, it is also very common to step down the foundations, even though sometimes, it is not properly done. This report shows the structural design of the raft foundation. Base area A = 1. Therefore, special attention shall be made when finalizing the foundation. Table of contents. Below your profile description, click on the button Add profile section, choose Recommended and then select Add license or certification. There are some design standards that are dedicated to the design and construction of pile foundations. Surround the whole perimeter with 2x4-inch or 2x6-inch wooden boards to lay the foundation. Width of Foundation / Footings. Using the pile catalogue, carry out sufficient calculation to establish the pile layout and quantity of reinforcing steels required in the pile caps using concrete C25/30 and grade 460 steel. 9 Foundation depths for specific conditions in shrinkable soils; 4. 600-1. 3). The selection is based on economics, speed and buildability of construction. The mudsills and top plates need to be installed and levelled, let concrete set before tightening anchor bolts. jlconline. When mat foundation is supported by columns rather than the underlying May 10, 2020 · There are the following steps in the construction or installation of the grillage foundation; Firstly, we have to produce and install the framework for solid monolithic grillage. Practical considerations. The top of the rebar should be about 2 inches lower than the finished height of the steps. Stage 5: Test—Try Your Solutions Out. Oct 16, 2015 · Stepped Footings. 1- Find out an area of footings based on factored loads. 2(a) and 22. 3 m, and values of k can be calculated. Add in the sono tubes, rebar, adjustable beam brackets, and gravel, and the cost jumps to around $1,500. 0 May 28, 2022 · Excavate the footings to the depth codes require, pour the concrete, and insert 12-inch lengths of rebar 7 to 8 inches into the footings. Here’s a detailed look at the steps involved: 1. Column-reinforced foundations are introduced as a set of in-situ ground improvement techniques that consist of installed vertical inclusions to enhance the geotechnical properties of weak and highly compressible soils. Section 7 of EN 1997-1:2004 is dedicated to the geotechnical design of pile foundations. at serviceability limit state. All columns are 230 x 450mm, the grade of concrete (f ck) is 30 N/mm 2, and the yield strength of the reinforcement (f yk) is 500 N/mm 2. Building foundations are categorized based on the parameters such as nature of the structure, applied loads, ground condition, environmental conditions, etc. Foundation Construction Steps. The rise of a stepped footing should not exceed 2 ft. We were founded in 2002. Compute the area of footing such that the allowable soil pressure is not exceeded. The foundation is wider on all sides than the loaded area. Shapes are self-contained areas, usually formed by lines (although they may also be formed by using a different colour, value or texture). The most important part of the structure is the foundation. thick. It is required to found this building on a pile foundation. Foundation Layout. Among the aspects that are emphasized are the Google’s Design Sprint Methodology defines six phases: (1) understand, (2) define, (3) sketch, (4) decide, (5) prototype, and (6) validate. References Mar 7, 2024 · 8. Design of a footing typically consists of the following steps: Dec 19, 2022 · Definition of Building Foundation. Once the holes are excavated, footings (a solid base for the pier) are created using gravel and concrete. Jun 1, 2022 · It is not intended as a detailed step-by-step procedure for foundation design itself, but rather as a framework for a systematic process of design. Design thinking takes practice; and as a community of designers, entrepreneurs, engineers, teachers, researchers, and more, we’ve followed the journey to mastery, and The foundation must be able to withstand the load of the structure including live loads and environmental factors. The steps in the flowchart are defined as follows: Conceptual Bridge Foundation Design – This design step results in an informal Apr 11, 2023 · Deep Foundations Design Steps. Install rebar. Construction of Well Foundation Sand filling: +7. Level off the concrete until even with the block top, then wet set anchor bolts into the concrete block top. Load Demand: As an engineer, the first step is to determine the load demands of the structure. Columns generally carry different loads depending on the location and based on the type of structure. ESIGN . com. E. A raft foundation may be rectangular (Fig. Foundation Design. 11 New drainage; 4. At least three days are required at 70F, and longer at lower temperatures. Part 1: Geotechnical Verification. Build forms for the footings and for the slab. May 6, 2024 · This process involves carefully digging a trench around the perimeter of the building footprint to create space for the foundation. You can watch tutorials, read blog posts, enroll in free web design courses, and absorb all the theory and information you want about web design, but the best way to become a web designer is to begin designing. Calculate the settlement: The settlement Construction. 4. At $200 a cubic yard in my area, the concrete alone would cost about $1,000. ONCRETE . , and the footing May 29, 2020 · Shallow and deep foundations. Strip foundations, when used correctly, are a key part of this process. 8 Design and construction of foundations in shrinkable soils; 4. These processes involve removing the existing topsoil, vegetation, and any other obstructions to prepare the site for the foundation construction. Construction of well foundation consists of the following steps in the sequence are to be executed: Survey – Setting out. 600. 5 Foundations in all soil types; 4. Stage 1: Empathize—Research Your Users' Needs. FPA-SC-16-0 Design Procedure for Drilled Concrete Piers in Expansive Soil 17 Nov 2017 Issued For FPA Website Publishing Foundation Performance Association - Structural Committee Page 1 of 61. 4-1 Introduction. The hole for each pier must be at least 2 feet wide and 3 feet deep. P. Figure 1: Stepped foundation on a sloping ground. 3 m 3 0. When evaluating pile patterns at the Extreme Event Limit State, it is permissible to apply the plastic moment of the column (instead of the over-strength plastic moment ) to the footing when hinging is the basis of design. It’s either the geotechnical or the reinforced concrete design. jo qh to lw vy ww zb jb wd lj