2. We might work with unknown CSV files in many cases, so we have to explore which types to use for columns. When inserting new data to a table, this data is stored as a separate part (chunk) sorted by the primary key. Example: CREATE TABLE test. To use the client time zone, run clickhouse-client with the --use_client_time_zone parameter. Try for free today. Positive integer. ClickHouse has several date and time types. It can contain up to 256 values enumerated in the [-128, 127] range. ALTER LIVE VIEW — Refreshes a Live view. If 0, the table function does not make Nullable columns and inserts default values instead of nulls. The easiest way to modify a configuration is in the Grafana UI on the plugin configuration page, but data sources can also be provisioned with a YAML file. 1. Feb 17, 2024 · ClickHouse does not support the BOOLEAN type. A DateTime value is usually to be interpreted in the server time zone, but a DateTime value may also be formatted for a different time zone. The fastest and easiest way to connect, explore, and visualize your ClickHouse Cloud databases. com Command-line interface (CLI) ClickHouse can accept and return data in various formats. ) ENGINE = MergeTree() ORDER BY name. Columns: partition ( String) – The partition name. Default value: 0. ClickHouse can be easily integrated into OLTP database infrastructures in many ways. These ALTER statements manipulate views: ALTER TABLE MODIFY QUERY — Modifies a Materialized view structure. Clickhouse, by default, will try to guess data formats based on its analysis of a given CSV file. It can contain up to 65536 values enumerated in the [-32768, 32767] range. If you apply this combinator, the aggregate function takes the intermediate aggregation state as an argument, combines the states to finish aggregation, and returns the resulting value. The parameters of a nested data structure – the column names and types – are specified the same way as in a CREATE TABLE query. Edit this page. Data types for a specific columns need to be compatible; If your data is structured and your data is in JSON format, you don't have to spend time defining your table DDL and selecting the types of each columns to match your data. The PostgreSQL server is installed on linux. For example, ClickHouse will export DateTime type as a Parquets' int64. In PostgreSQL In postgresql. A Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) is a 16-byte value used to identify records. Possible values: 'by_values' — Values in enums should be the same, names can be different. Before storing any data in ClickHouse, let's sample the file using clickhouse-local. The external_table_functions_use_nulls setting defines how to handle Nullable columns. Function Distance computes the distance between two vectors. A format supported for output can be used to arrange the. ClickHouse has a special syntax Nullable( <type> ) --> age Nullable(Int) age Nullable(Int) default 10, name String. When creating tables, numeric parameters for floating point numbers can be set (e. The NYPD Complaint Data demonstrates how to use data inference to simplify In this example, we set partitioning by the event types that occurred during the current week. Supercharged query interface. If the total storage volume of all the data to be read exceeds min_bytes_to_use_direct_io bytes, then ClickHouse reads the data from the storage disk with the O_DIRECT option. network_compression_method ClickHouse and Parquet data types ClickHouse and Parquet data types are mostly identical but still differ a bit. Unlike other databases, maps are not unique in ClickHouse, i. The ClickHouse data source plugin allows you to query and visualize ClickHouse data in Grafana. {"account": true} Null. Table Engines. ClickHouse supports data types for representing geographical objects — locations, lands, etc. You upload data that is usually sorted by time. vectors contains N-dimensional values of type Array (Float32), for example embeddings. . Define a ClickHouse data source Once the installation is complete, click the Add new data source button. Contains information about parts of MergeTree tables. From here you can Open SQL console: If you are using self-managed ClickHouse you can connect to the SQL console at https:// hostname :8443/play (check with your ClickHouse administrator for the details). So, if you have column variant Variant(T1, T2, T3) you can read a subcolumn of type T2 using syntax variant. ClickHouse tables in memory are inverted — data is ingested as a column, meaning you’ve a large number of columns and a sizable set of rows. We'll get you started on a 30 day trial and $300 credits to spend at your own pace. Example of automatic data type detection: Data type Map(K, V) stores key-value pairs. In contrast, ClickHouse is a columnar database. test_004 ADD COLUMN `value_array` Array(int); /* Test table preparation: CREATE TABLE test. A date. On the MySQL side, DDL and DML operations can continue to made and ClickHouse detects the changes and acts as a replica to MySQL database. Users on Grafana v9. any_string when partitioning manually. It is called “vectorized query execution” and it helps lower the cost of PostgreSQL. Aug 18, 2021 · I'm using clickhouse_driver library to perform stuff. You can also use Enum8 or Enum16 types to be sure in the size of storage. Connected to Cli The sample datasets include: The UK Property Price Paid dataset is a good starting point with some interesting SQL queries. FORMAT Arrow. select true as col, toTypeName(col); ┌─col──┬─toTypeName(true)─┐. Query: Variant type supports reading a single nested type from a Variant column using the type name as a subcolumn. Data Type Detection. Official ClickHouse data source for Grafana. Even for a simple example, let's insert more than one row at a time: Notice the timestamp column is populated using various Date and LowCardinality: This specialized data type is designed explicitly for columns with low cardinality, offering efficient storage and retrieval for data like enumerated types. name ( String) – Name of the data part. The DateTime allows storing dates and times up to the year 2106. Importing from various data formats to ClickHouse. (You can also add a data source from the Data sources tab on the Connections page. Depending on your use case, different types can be applied. Concurrent data access. Mar 27, 2019 · LowCardinality is a data type, or, to put it differently, data type function. In CSV format ClickHouse extracts column values from the row according to delimiters. Float types in ClickHouse have the following aliases: Float32 — FLOAT, REAL, SINGLE. By default, the floating-point partition key is not supported. clickhouse-jdbc implements the standard JDBC interface. For more information about the types of data in ClickHouse, see “ Data types ”. TypeMismatchError: Code: 53. When creating tuples on the fly, ClickHouse interferes the type of the tuples arguments as the smallest types which can hold the provided argument value. -Merge . ) You can use use syntax m[k] to obtain the value for key k in map m . These operations are labeled "mutations" and are executed using the ALTER TABLE command. The length is not limited. A Nullable type field can’t be included in table indexes. Because modern CPUs do not support 128-bit and 256-bit integers natively, operations on Decimal128 and Decimal256 are emulated. SELECT <expr_list>. This page shows a list of options available for configuration in the ClickHouse plugin, as well as config snippets for those provisioning a Add data in fairly large batches, such as 100,000 rows at a time. DROP COLUMN — Deletes the column. In the results of SELECT query, the values of AggregateFunction type have implementation-specific binary representation for all of the ClickHouse output formats. Data Types. instead of randomly-generated blob names, it uses normal file names (the same way as clickhouse stores files on local disk) and does not store any metadata locally, e. conf, set minimum listen levels, replication wal level and replication slots: To work with these states, use: AggregatingMergeTree table engine. Seamlessly load your data and start querying in just a few clicks. 54236. VARCHAR(255) ), but ClickHouse ignores them. Unlike s3 disk type, it stores data as is, e. We will take the infamous ‘ontime’ dataset as an example. CSV and TSV Import and export the CSV family, including TSV, with custom headers and separators. UUIDs are internally treated as a sequence of 16 random bytes with 8-4-4-4-12 Formats for Input and Output Data. Group data by a partition key before uploading it to ClickHouse. csv. e. gz', CSVWithNames) LIMIT 2. ALTER. Contribute to ClickHouse/ClickHouse development by creating an account on GitHub. While different UUID variants exist (see here ), ClickHouse does not validate that inserted UUIDs conform to a particular variant. Creating a table with a Date32 -type column and inserting data into it: -- - from 'big' integer interpreted as number of seconds since 1970-01-01. For example, Date and date are both valid. Get started for free. One way is to transfer data between other databases and ClickHouse using SQL dumps. We will assume you already have ClickHouse up and running and Vector installed (no need to start it yet though). Note that the explicit time zone per column only affects inserting and displaying values, not the predicates (see one example here). The Boolean data type stores data that can be either true or false. Nov 12, 2020 · For more details check out the ClickHouse documentation on the Array data type. Stored in two bytes as the number of days since 1970-01-01 (unsigned). Usage String. 10 a new disk type s3_plain was introduced, which provides a write-once storage. Otherwise, the NULL value is returned. Previous. The special case of one table join is often referred to as “self-join”. Oct 28, 2022 · The majority of popular solutions — MySQL, Postgres, SQLite — are all row-based. The null data type is used whenever we have a property, but the value against it is undefined. The null data type is used in place of any undefined data. You can use the familiar INSERT INTO TABLE command with ClickHouse, but it is important to understand that each insert into a MergeTree table causes a part to be created in storage. This type only requires 2 bytes to store a date but limits the range to [1970-01-01, 2149-06-06]. I thought that Nullable(Int) was the same as Int NULL Jan 11, 2023 · Instead, consider alternatives for accelerating queries as discussed in the post Supercharging your ClickHouse queries and Working with time series data in Clickhouse. Type Conversion Functions Common Issues with Data Conversion . Creating a table with a Date -type column and inserting data into it: -- - from 'big' integer interpreted as number of seconds since 1970-01-01. * As of 2. If both a data type and a default value expression are specified, an implicit type casting function inserted which converts the expression to the specified type. Formats: YYYYMM for automatic partitioning by month. Although ClickHouse is geared toward high volume analytic workloads, it is possible in some situations to modify or delete existing data. Queries to run that lead to unexpected result Nov 9, 2021 · 1. What I have tried already: Native: client. 嵌套数据结构的参数(列名和类型)与 CREATE 查询类似。. Determines how to map ClickHouse Enum data type and CapnProto Enum data type from schema. For detailed information about UUIDs, see Wikipedia. A column-oriented structure means data is stored and retrieved by columns rather than by rows. Meanwhile we will start to put arrays to work solving analytic problems. Default value: 1. The String type replaces the types VARCHAR, BLOB, CLOB, and others from other DBMSs. Each row describes one data part. x are encouraged to continue using v2. alias_to ( String) — Data type name for which name is an alias. data_type_families WHERE alias_to See full list on clickhouse. Data is stored by columns, and during the execution of arrays (vectors or chunks of columns). visits. Bool. It can be used in order to modify any ClickHouse data type, but it is most often used for strings. Can be NULL. T and U can be numeric, string, or Date or DateTime types. Creating SQL dumps Data can be dumped in SQL format using SQLInsert. 2. MODIFY COLUMN -query because such typecasting is not allowed. Point Point is represented by its X and Y coordinates, stored as a Tuple(Float64, Float64). transform(T, Array(T), Array(U), U) -> U. The value can contain an arbitrary set of bytes, including null bytes. For example, the following code shows a JSON object with a property named account which value is true. 600M records) example. Pads the string from the left with spaces or a specified string (multiple times, if needed) until the resulting string reaches the given length. Make sure to list all the fields with the same order; wrap device_type to the ClickHouse uses this setting when reading data from tables. Type mismatch in VALUES section. In ClickHouse it is bit width for integer types and decimal precision for Decimal types. Supports the date range same with DateTime64. Thank you this has the correct behavior. To use it enable the setting allow_floating_point_partition_key. x and higher of Grafana can use v4. Being relatively small it is not the best for performance A fast and simple solution to know the types returned by a query. parquet file): Feb 22, 2024 · ClickHouse is an open-source column-oriented database. This is known as "Schema Inference". Let's see how it can do it using the following dataset: In ClickHouse makes sense only for FixedString data type. If dump data into, for example, TabSeparated format with SELECT query, then this dump can be loaded back using INSERT query. ClickHouse Cloud offers a serverless hosted DBMS solution. RENAME COLUMN — Renames an existing column. Data replication parameters. The function adds a NULL element to an array, and the type of array elements converts to Nullable. In terms of SQL, the nearest neighborhood problem can be expressed as follows: SELECT *. Modeling variable data structures. For example, the first argument could have type Int64, while the second argument could have type Array(UInt16). Query Analysis - an analysis of queries by type, performance and resource consumption. Another columnar format is Apache Arrow, also supported by ClickHouse for import and export. ClickHouse generally uses the same behavior as C++ programs. This is the most efficient This guide shows how to use the popular data pipeline Vector to tail an Nginx log file and send it to ClickHouse. It is a common operation in databases with SQL support, which corresponds to relational algebra join. JDBC Driver . ORDER BY Distance(vectors, Point) LIMIT N. ClickHouse outputs values depending on the value of the date_time_output_format setting. Stored as a signed 32-bit integer in native byte order with the value representing the days since 1970-01-01 (0 represents 1970-01-01 The column type of a default value column can be omitted in which case it is inferred from expr's type. test_004. (If you do not specify the database name, the table will be in the default database. │ true │ Bool │. From your ClickHouse Cloud services list, choose the service that you will work with and click Connect. In this section of the docs, you can find examples for loading from various file types. The same letter (T or U) means that types must be mutually compatible and not necessarily equal. Data ingestion and import wizard. Configuring ClickHouse data source in Grafana. ; finalizeAggregation function. 0 of the plugin. ; runningAccumulate function. Allows storing values from just after the beginning of ClickHouse supports: 8-bit Enum. Sep 6, 2019 · The changing type of a column from int to Array (int) cannot be performed by ALTER TABLE . Use of indexes, if present. Strings of an arbitrary length. I have read This thread and used all the methods, but to no avail. Supports read and write operations ( SELECT and INSERT queries) to exchange data between ClickHouse and PostgreSQL. Often, the Euclidean (L2) distance is The MaterializedMySQL database engine allows you to define a database in ClickHouse that contains all the existing tables in a MySQL database, along with all the data in those tables. ClickHouse can accept and return data in various formats. abonents. Variable data structures like lists of key-value pairs (aka dictionaries or maps) occur constantly in analytic problems, especially those involving time Nested (Name1 Type1, Name2 Type2, ) 嵌套数据结构类似于嵌套表。. In other words, they return a value of AggregateFunction type. If the value is NULL, the interfered type is Nullable. Syntax: DateTime64(precision, [timezone]) Internally, stores data as a number of ‘ticks’ since epoch start (1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC) as Int64. If the json data type or the bit data type exists in mysql tables,then execute this statement "CREATE DATABASE xxx ENGINE = MaterializeMySQL(xxx);" for initialing database in clickhouse,it will cause the following erros and it don't dump the mysql datas. 示例: CREATE TABLE test. LZ4 excels String data type in Aiven for ClickHouse® Aiven for ClickHouse® uses ClickHouse® databases, which can store diverse types of data, such as strings, decimals, booleans, or arrays. INTO OUTFILE 'export. Jan 8, 2019 · hi, i try create a new table on clickhouse,but get error, i see the decimal data type on document ,but i do not know why can not ? # clickhouse-client -m ClickHouse client version 1. A format supported for input can be used to parse the data provided to INSERTs, to perform SELECTs from a file-backed table such as File, URL or HDFS, or to read a dictionary. Easy-to-use table explorer. 0 this plugin will only support ad hoc Join produces a new table by combining columns from one or multiple tables by using values common to each. (The reason for that is that maps are internally implemented as Array(Tuple(K, V)) . Expression. The following has minimum settings if the postgresql database is new test install. MODIFY COLUMN REMOVE — Removes one of the column properties. Connecting to localhost:9000. There are situations when we might want to retrieve the type of a query, function, aggregation, etc in ClickHouse. Create a free account. Visualization and collaboration features. a map can contain two elements with the same key. Strings can contain an arbitrary amount of bytes, which are stored and output as-is. LZ4 and ZSTD Compression: ClickHouse also supports standard compression algorithms like LZ4 and ZSTD, which can be applied to individual columns or entire tables. ClickHouse automatically chooses the type of Enum when data is inserted. When displaying a JSON column, ClickHouse only shows the field values by default (because internally, it is represented as a tuple). FROM INFILE 'data. // sequence of indexes in Index column that represent actual values. The table engine (type of table) determines: How and where data is stored, where to write it to, and where to read it from. /clickhouse client. Using the Date type for dates should be sufficient in most cases. g. Binary Export and load binary formats such as ClickHouse Native, MessagePack, Protocol Buffers and Cap’n Proto. └──────┴──────────────────┘. leftPadUTF8(string, length[, pad_string]) Arguments. LowCardinality(T) consists of Index T, Keys K , where K is one of (UInt8, UInt16, UInt32, UInt64) depending on size of Index. Example. SQL 1 T can’t be any of the composite data types Array, Map and Tuple but composite data types can contain Nullable type values, e. Most ALTER TABLE queries modify table settings or data: Most ALTER TABLE queries are supported only for * MergeTree tables, as well as Merge and Distributed. SELECT * FROM file( 'hacknernews. Automatic scaling and no infrastructure to manage at consumption-based pricing. Representing simple geographical features. SELECT * FROM system. errors. (. A nested data structure is like a table inside a cell. Create a database and table Use the CREATE DATABASE command to create a new database in ClickHouse: Similarly, use CREATE TABLE to define a new table. Configuration parameters are the same as for s3 disk type. Updating a column involves deleting an existing row and replacing it with new values. , so that it can be easily used with legacy applications and tools. ClickHouse is a true column-oriented DBMS. The Cell Towers dataset imports a CSV into ClickHouse. -MergeState combinator. Performance will not decrease if: Data is added in real time. The magic can be applied to the existing data. Float64 — double. Mar 10, 2023 · Updating and deleting data in analytical environments can be challenging and impact database performance dramatically. Insert the data using INSERT INTO SELECT query. The elements can be of a random data type, even the ARRAY type. Valid values are 0 and 1. CLEAR COLUMN — Resets column values. You can also DELETE a row using the lightweight delete capability of ClickHouse. FROM table_with_ann_index. In each of these, data / objects are stored as rows, like a phone book. Type bool is internally stored as UInt8. Unlike leftPad which measures the string length in bytes, the string length is measured in code points. Use the UINT8 type for Boolean values. 4. numeric_precision (Nullable) — Accuracy of approximate numeric data, exact numeric data, integer data, or monetary data. Allows to connect to databases on a remote PostgreSQL server. name ( String) — Data type name. abonents_new MODIFY COLUMN device_type UInt32 DEFAULT 0; Then, make sure no new data is written to main. Exporting to Arrow file works the same way: SELECT * FROM sometable. 'by_names' — Names in enums should be the same, values can be different. You should see a smiling face as it connects to your service running on localhost: my-host :) Column types may differ from those in the original PostgreSQL table. ClickHouse® is a real-time analytics DBMS. Additionally, the DateTime64 type can store time zone that is the same for the entire column, that affects how the values of the Options for connecting to ClickHouse from Java. Each table row can correspond to any number of rows in a nested data structure. Checking in the docs of ClickHouse, it seems like using toTypeName(x) would Nov 20, 2016 · ALTER TABLE main. UPDATE and instead just insert the new data alongside the existing Updating and Deleting ClickHouse Data. ClickHouse expects all types except numbers and strings to be enclosed in double quotes. The equivalent types in ClickHouse and in C are given below: Float32 — float. FLOAT(12), FLOAT(15, 22), DOUBLE(12 Internally data is represented as normal signed integers with respective bit width. These tables are designed to receive millions of row inserts per second and store very large (100s of Petabytes) volumes of data. If you have a lot of rows to update, it can actually be more efficient to avoid ALTER TABLE. Array(Nullable(Int8)). Detected data types can be explored using the DESCRIBE statement in pair with the file() function: Overview of ClickHouse Architecture. The ClickHouse MergeTree Engine Family has been designed and optimized to handle massive data volumes. The thing is that there is a lot of fields filled with data such as "N/A" meanwhile they should be Float. In 22. 16-bit Enum. ClickHouse can do it for you using type inference. ) The following table named is my_first_table in the helloworld database: user_id UInt32, message String, Cluster Analysis - an overview of configured clusters, merges, mutations and data replication. to<type> functions and cast behave differently in some cases, for example in case of LowCardinality: cast removes LowCardinality trait to<type> functions don't. In the following procedures, the PostgreSQL CLI (psql) and the ClickHouse CLI (clickhouse-client) are used. NULL is the default value for any Nullable type, unless specified otherwise in the ClickHouse server configuration. A format supported for input can be used to parse the data provided to INSERT s, to perform SELECT s from a file-backed table such as File, URL or HDFS, or to read a dictionary. Asynchronous inserts It is possible to asynchronously insert data in small but frequent inserts. -Merge combinator. execute("INSERT INTO rec_eval_data VALUES", data. Whenever possible, operations are dispatched on arrays, rather than on individual values. If we then import that back to ClickHouse, we're going to see numbers (time. We are explaining more details here with an Ad. Array. Expressions are used for representing lambdas in high-order functions. Being built on top of clickhouse-client, it provides additional features like custom type mapping, transaction support, and standard synchronous UPDATE and DELETE statements, etc. To import data from an Arrow file, we use the Arrow format: INSERT INTO sometable. T2 , this subcolumn will have type Nullable(T2) if T2 can be inside Nullable and T2 otherwise. We'd like to keep everything in place when we'll transfer the data to the new table. Possible values are true (1), false (0). For example the type of column EventDate DEFAULT toDate(EventTime) will be date. From the clickhouse-local console: clickhouse -local. See Also. If the value is in double quotes, ClickHouse tries to parse the data inside quotes using the recursive parser and then tries to find the most appropriate data type for it. ) Either scroll down and find the ClickHouse data source type, or you can search for it in the search bar of the Add data source page. to_dict(orient='records'), types_check=True) Error: clickhouse_driver. The New York Taxi Data has an example of how to insert data from S3 into ClickHouse. Users on Grafana v8. Data Type Detection When creating tuples on the fly, ClickHouse interferes the type of the tuples arguments as the smallest types which can hold the provided argument value. An ARRAY value is a collection of elements of the same data type. This type requires the values and keys to have the same type - sufficient for Kubernetes labels. About strings in ClickHouse ClickHouse allows strings of any length. ClickHouse tries to cast values to the ClickHouse data types. it is When adding numbers, ClickHouse automatically sets the single_value type for the data type of the array. Syntax. Clickhouse通过字段名称来对应架构的列名称。字段名称区分大小写。未使用的字段会被跳过。 ClickHouse表列的数据类型可能与插入的Avro数据的相应字段不同。 插入数据时,ClickHouse根据上表解释数据类型,然后通过 Cast 将数据转换为相应的列类型。 选择数据 ClickHouse has dedicated data types for Date and DateTime. Data Analysis - an overview of current databases and tables, including their respective sizes, partitions and parts. Which queries are supported, and how. 1. Example of automatic data type detection: SELECT tuple( 1, NULL) AS x, toTypeName(x) ┌─x Inserting and dumping SQL data in ClickHouse. So you need to follow these steps: add the new column with type Array (int) ALTER TABLE test. Data is quickly written to a table part by part, with rules applied for merging the parts in the background. Aug 26, 2022 · clickhouse-local allows users to perform fast processing on local files without having to deploy and configure the ClickHouse server. To address this ClickHouse provides multiple powerful ways to update and delete data efficiently for different cases: Lightweight Deletes via the DELETE FROM syntax for removing data from ClickHouse. Is there a setting to say that if the data to insert is not of the correct type for the destination column, Clickhouse should just ignore it or replace it with nan or null? . The Map type is prevalent in many of the schemas in this post. Whether multithread request execution is possible. Object Data Type. // of chosen type should be able to represent any index of Index element. Using Plain Storage . 每个表可以包含任意多行嵌套数据结构。. In 3: Start the client. Used for the right half of an IN expression. ClickHouse has become the de-facto choice for building real-time applications due to its ability to ingest large volumes as well as materialize the data at write instead of at read time. select true == 1 as col, toTypeName(col); ┌─col─┬─toTypeName It is data type that can be used to modify any other ClickHouse data type (though more often used for strings), The most interesting fact here is you can apply this to existing data in a ClickHouse Server. As you have already seen, this type of mutation in ClickHouse happens eventually - during merges. ARRAY. Possible values: 0 — Direct I/O is disabled. Gives the real-time access to table list and table structure from remote PostgreSQL with the help of SHOW TABLES and DESCRIBE TABLE queries. The clickhouse-client applies the server time zone by default if a time zone isn’t explicitly set when initializing the data type. The tick resolution is determined by the precision parameter. case_insensitive ( UInt8) — Property that shows whether you can use a data type name in a query in case insensitive manner or not. A format supported for output can be used to arrange the results of a Inserting Data into ClickHouse. This information could be really important when we want to identify and debug an issue. The steps below would be similar for tailing any type of log file. Use the clickhouse-client to connect to your ClickHouse service. Version compatibility. May 9, 2020 · I am trying to import data into Clickhouse. The date value is stored without the time zone. Low Cardinality. MODIFY COLUMN — Changes column’s type, default expression, TTL, and column settings. Float64 — DOUBLE, DOUBLE PRECISION. COMMENT COLUMN — Adds a text comment to the column. To learn what a partition is, see the description of the ALTER query. arrow'. Tech Database (which has approx. Real value ranges that can be stored in memory are a bit larger than specified above, which are checked only on conversion from a string. Open a new Terminal, change directories to where your clickhouse binary is saved, and run the following command: . When creating tables, numeric parameters for string fields can be set (e. yx qa ig em hr um ew ss mg ke