Voltage controlled current source ic

Since the voltage source V 1 supplies a voltage divider 1 kΩ/1 kΩ, the input of VCCS is given by V IN =V 1 /2=5 V. Apr 29, 2019 · The control voltage shown in the schematic above is a ramp that extends from –5 V to +5 V in a period of 100 ms. Below half way and down to zero the motor current increases so you use 15 bits to control current and the 16th bit is regarded as "sign". When the load current exceeds about 0. This is meant to provide the voltage (by software) to control the current source using SPI protocol. Conductance at output terminals. Apr 24, 2019 · The following list highlights some of the characteristics of the Jim Williams current-source topology. Jul 27, 2021 · \$\begingroup\$ @AdamHaun raises a good point. But this is almost never useful for applications where we need to power a load that requires a significant amount of current. The general form for the value of a dependent source is Y = kX Y = k X where X X and Y Y are currents and/or voltages and k k is the proportionality factor. It shows a DC Sweep simulation where the voltage difference across the VCVS1 component depends on the voltage difference elsewhere in the circuit. The currents through R1 and R2 are essentially zero, so we can neglect their voltage drops in the circuit. Can only be switch from high side. Default=0. Indeed, there are the four common types of dependent power sources. Apr 21, 2017 · I need to make a voltage controlled current source for nichrome wire as part of an experiment. Apr 14, 2017 · Description. The Improved Howland current pump is a circuit that uses a difference amplifier to impose a voltage across a shunt resistor, creating a voltage-controlled current source capable of driving a wide range of load resistances. Also, for simulators, there will be a secondary connection for the controlling current or voltage. . It provides a feedback through an optocoupler to the PWM controller IC in the primary side. 2 for the voltage source solution. Apr 22, 2015 · Analysis of a Voltage Controlled Current Source Circuit using the TINA Circuit SimulatorThe great feature of the TINA circuit simulator that you can analyze Jun 18, 2023 · Key learnings: Independent Voltage and Current Sources Definition: Independent sources are defined as sources whose output is fixed by their characteristics, not dependent on other circuit elements. This is achieved by introducing a phase shift of 180° (inversion) between the voltage and the current for a signal source. Sep 19, 2023 · simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab. The following is an extract from the SPICE2G. Current-mode operation. @Antonio51 also called "voltage-controlled current source" like it says in the title. com/electronic-circuits/voltage-controlled-current-source-circuit-using-op-ampIn a voltage-controlled current s V/ns or below. The FET source follows the voltage applied to the positive input to the op-amp, providing among other things that there is enough voltage supplied to the positive supply of the op-amp. 3V supply and it can drive from 0A to 2A into a laser diode with a 0V to 2V input from a Digital-to-Analog (D/A) converter. We know that in a BJT, the current flow is controlled through the for the simulation response. Your diagram is for a high-side current source. 1 ppm p-p noise, and better than 1 ppm long-term stability. E1 = 2Vx. 3. Oct 4, 2018 · 0. Figure 2. The current source (10 µA) creates a voltage across R SET. Mar 17, 2021 · 2. When the 16 bit number drops to half way it flips over to reverse the motor connections. Its bandwidth is over 52 MHz for a large signal and the slew rate is up to 2500 V/µs. We have seen throughout this Basic Electronics Tutorials Apr 14, 2017 · Description. 5v 1 amps, but it’s perfectly natural. 8uV (which is below the vabstol default tolerance for the simulator and I rather doubt will be high enough for the logic gate that follows it to trigger). A constant current (CC) converter regulates current the same way: the control loop adjusts the duty cycle Boosted Bidirectional Controlled Current Source (Figure 197) This is a classical Howland bidirectional current source implemented with an LTI 990 integrated difference amplifier. The circuit uses two similar current sources operating in parallel Mar 15, 2006 · To convert the precision voltage output of the DS4303/DS4305 into a current source, a circuit design needs only three additional components: an op amp, a transistor, and a resistor (Figure 1). It seems like I need a circuit which can translate a microcontroller's 05V range voltage to a 08A current. This circuit also requires that the voltage for R OUT between Sep 11, 2017 · \$\begingroup\$ The H bridge is just a changeover relay in my minds eye. With a 100mA current source as a reference, it is simple to construct a current source of any value. The CS580 is a natural companion with sensitive AC instruments such as lock-in amplifiers, providing an easy way of generating precision current directly from an AC With the addition of a few inexpensive miniature components, the hard-wired, voltage-controlled current source of yesterday becomes a software-programmable voltage-controlled current source (Figure 1). It was set up to explain how to use the CL CCCs and CCVS devices. There are two versions of this circuit - with voltage inversion (VNIC) and with current inversion (INIC). A constant current of 5 mA (PP) is designed and tested over a wide Jul 5, 2019 · How does it work. It will cause some things that look odd at first, like 0. A DC-to-DC converter is typically implemented as a constant voltage (CV) regulator. Jun 19, 2020 · I don't think you need to convert the current to a voltage. In electronics, this type of circuit is also used to drive devices with current power, such as BJT, SCR, etc. The frequency response indicates a stable For current-mode control there are three things to consider: 1. Maximum output power of 8. While the actual power source can vary wildly, they all fit under the two general titles of “voltage source” or “current source”. The current to the controlled device is equal to the current through R3, the current sense resistor. 5V to +16V. The LM134/LM234/LM334 are 3-terminal adjustable current sources featuring 10,000:1 range in operating current, excellent current regulation and a wide dynamic voltage range of 1V to 40V. Sep 14 2017. G = 2. Devised by Professor Bradford Howland at MIT in the early 1960s, it is capable of both sourcing and sinking current proportional to an input voltage. If the voltage is a function of the voltage v x across any other elements in the circuit, namely, v = f (v x), the voltage source is a voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS) and can be represented by the symbol in Fig. AWR is a comprehensive electronic design automation (EDA) platform for developing RF/microwave products. If you describe your problem in more detail, we may be able to tell which May 14, 2018 · LT3092 200 mA 2-Terminal Programmable Current Source Analog Devices' power management integrated circuit (PMIC) for driving sensors, remote supplies, and local supplies Analog Devices LT3092 is a programmable 2-terminal current source requiring only two resistors to set an output current between 0. PartA Solve for "s Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units. To generate the control voltage takes either a DAC or a low-pass filtered PWM signal. The inner current loop turns the inductor into a voltage-controlled current source, effectively removing the inductor from the outer voltage control loop at dc and low Oct 24, 2021 · I need a microcontroller adjustable high voltage (300V) constant current. 1• Adjustable Constant Current up to 500 mA (±5%) constant-current source that can drive loads up to • PWM Brightness Regulation 500 mA. The AEC-Q101 qualified NCR devices are easy-to-use, reliable, cost efficient, and do not affect EMC. Value Units Figure 1 of 1 Submit Request Answer 3Ω 40 < Return to Assignment Provide Feedback. The controlled current generator can be used to modify the level of current limitation by offsetting Feb 12, 2018 · Here’s a typical voltage-regulator configuration: Diagram taken from the LT3085 datasheet. GOUT has a default value of zero unless the PSPICEGMIN option is set in which case it has a default value of GMIN. An Online On-State Voltage Measurement Circuit With Controlled Current Source for Thyristors Abstract: Thyristor is extensively utilized in High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission and other industrial fields, owing to its large capacity and mature technology. Analog Devices’ portfolio of dedicated constant current source products offer ease of use and design; voltage, current, and thermal protection; and built-in current limiting. Nov 13, 2023 · A Current Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS) is a two-port network element in electrical engineering. SPICE2 polynomial sources are also supported One of the challenges in the circuit design is building a good current source, especially when the load is variable or the current must be controlled with a voltage source. This is in case of the current source solution the curve representing ³level 5´ and the curve of R. I stumbled across the chip here from linear tech: Which seems to fulfill all of my needs, however the problem I am facing is that I need to create 16 of these DAC controlled current sources and May 22, 2022 · The schematic symbols for dependent or controlled sources are usually drawn using a diamond instead of a circle. 4. The op-amp's negative feedback will adjust the current through the MOSFET until the voltage across R3 is equal to the control voltage. It provides a feedback through an optocoupler to the PWM controller The controlled voltage source is a voltage source whose value depends on the states of other elements in the circuit. The op amp circuit servos to match the RSENSE voltage drop to the input command VCTL. The AD5791 is a 20-bit, unbuffered voltage output digital to analog converter with 1 ppm relative accuracy (1 LSB INL) and 1 LSB DNL (guaranteed monotonic). 36. A buffered difference amplifier and an integrator force the voltage across a 10 megaohm set resistor to be 1/1000 of the control input voltage in either polarity. May 11, 2006 · The IC (the MAX1735, available in a 5-pin SOT23 package) is a negative linear regulator with fixed output voltage of -2. The TSM101/TSM101A integrated circuit incorporates a high stability series band gap voltage reference, two ORed operational amplifiers and a current source. It is voltage controlled and bidirectional—the magnitude and direction of the load current are determined by the magnitude and polarity of the input voltage. Aug 15, 2022 · I was thinking about a MOSFET but, the change in drain and source voltage could change the current. 8A. Suppose i 1 A. 10M. This voltage appears at the amplifier’s non-inverting input terminal. A digital potentiometer (U1) in conjunction with a precision op amp (U2) sets current through the pass transistor (I SET ), and a shunt The current source circuit that we will build with an op amp and MOSFET is shown below. Current is established with one external resistor and no other parts are required. It maintains high accuracy, even while delivering as much as 90 mA of output current. To power the LM741 op amp, we apply positive voltage to V+, pin 7, of the op amp. This current source features a ±10V input-voltage swing that is directly proportional to the output current. Here’s the best way to solve it. Reducing board space and component count, they Overview. It has an impressive 0. If the voltage is a function of the voltage across any other elements in the circuit, namely, , the voltage source is a voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS) and can be represented by the View the full tutorial: https://circuitdigest. The output voltage is typically represented as: V_out = A * V_in. LOAD SENSE RESISTOR P4 VIN LK3 15k. Output current/Input voltage (Siemens or mhos) output_conductance. Now instead of the output of the op-amp connected to the negative input directly, negative feedback is derived from the shunt resistor connected across an N channel MOSFET. An simple example circuit with a controlled source would be most appreciated. Jan 7, 2019 · The Howland current pump, invented by MIT’s Professor Bradford Howland in the early 1960s, consists of an op-amp and a balanced resistor bridge and puts out current in either direction. Such a circuit provides an output current dependent on the input current. It is of course expected Current Controlled Current Source (CCCS) Circuit: An ideal form of a Current Controlled Current Source (CCCS) Circuit by an input current is shown in Fig. The op-amp with R1 and M1 forms a voltage-controlled current sink. The circuit shown in (Figure 1) contains a voltage-controlled current source. That means the vdiff will swing to +/-200uV which seems quite low, and then I think voutup/down will have a maximum of 0. Note that the voltage across resistor R3 is expressed as V0. Frequency Control in Voltage Controlled Oscillator Many forms… Question: *1. 0 V produces a constant current source of 500 mA. This circuit topology was already used as a voltage-controlled current source (VCCS) in the 1960s but was left unused when the requirements for higher frequency arose among the applications of electrical bioimpedance (EBI). Initial current accuracy is ±3%. Aug 7, 2018 · Figure 1. The design limit of the current source defines the maximum load current the regulator can source and still maintain regulation. This circuit sources and sinks just nanoamps of current with precision due to the low input bias current of the CMOS op amps. This is equivalent to having an infinite input resistance Ri=∞. Show transcribed image text. 75 contains a voltage-controlled current source. 05 ppm/°C temperature drift, 0. Imperfect current source short circuited: But the input source can be imperfect (made by a voltage source Vin and a resistor Rin in series as in the schematic below). The output voltage is simply computed by applying Ohm’s law to the resistor R 3, we obtain VS=IS×R3=200 V. PIN STRAPPING REF200 FOR: 50mA CURRENT SINK. The REF200 can be pin strapped for 50mA, 200mA, 300mA, or 400mA, in addi-tion to 100mA. The polynomial functions are specified by a May 14, 2009 · With two instrumentation amplifiers and two transistors, you can build a 0. However, unlike a bipolar transistor, the OTA is self-biased and has Programmable current sources To complete the current-source evaluation, there are two topologies for implementing a programmable high-side current source with the control voltage referenced to ground. It shows a DC Sweep simulation where the current through the CCCS1 component depends on a current elsewhere in the circuit. Solve for vs. Nov 21, 2020 · A constant voltage controlled current source using op-amp which is based on Howland circuit has been demonstrated in [3]. It can be seen that the dv. Constant current sources can be designed using a number of standard analog building blocks, including op amps, LED drivers, and battery chargers. This question hasn't been solved yet! Jan 1, 2021 · Essentially, a current source is a voltage-controlled current source (VCCS), which converts a voltage input to a current at its output. OPTIONS GMIN= value " and has a default value of 1e-12. May 23, 2023 · A Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS) is a type of dependent source that generates a voltage output proportional to a voltage input elsewhere in the circuit. Since the gain of the VCCS is 0. 01% accurate 2-terminal current source has been an elusive component that is not easily available and difficult to design. The MCP1631HV Digitally Controlled Programmable Current Source Reference Design has the following features: Input Operating Voltage Range: +3. Aug 8, 2015 · A nodal analysis with a dependent source occurs when there are two DC voltage sources and a DC current source as shown in Figure 1. Voltage-controlled constant current sink circuit works exactly in the same way as voltage-controlled current source circuit that we built earlier. There is no digital constant current IC at that voltage. I can use any IC's out there. Was given the task of creating the simplest constant current source that can supply up to 50 mA with an ~700 ohm load. 200m. Figure P1. 2 Controlled power sources. A VCCS circuit can be implemented by using different types of technology, fabrication, and driving techniques. From a practical point of view, an ideal op-amp is a device which acts as an ideal voltage controlled voltage source. Its input can be also be configured for a 0V to –2V input voltage. Using the most inexpensive parts available, the additional circuitry converts the DS4303/DS4305's output voltage into an independent current source by Apr 14, 2017 · Description. The voltage between GND and IN can be as high as 6. 2V battery as an electronic load) but 1) The op-amp must be able to produce the required Vgs (plus the shunt voltage) and 2) The voltage across the MOSFET (Vds) must not be so low that it cannot conduct the required current. Dec 21, 2023 · A dependent source is a current or voltage source whose value is not fixed (i. Current sources have been a well known but theoretical circuit component. The control circuitry must monitor (sense) the output voltage, and adjust the current source (as required by the load) to hold the output voltage at the desired value. 40. For a current sink circuit, the op-amp connection is changed, that is the negative input is connected to a shunt resistor. The breadboard circuit of the circuit above is shown below. This example is from the Dependent (Controlled) Sources chapter of Ultimate Electronics Book. It shows a DC Sweep simulation where the current through the VCCS1 component depends on a voltage difference elsewhere in the circuit. The Model CS580 Voltage Controlled Current Source creates new capabilities for researchers needing an ultra-low noise current source in a flexible, easy to use instrument. In FIGURE 1. The output current level can be adjusted • Wide Input Voltage Range up to 42 V through an external resistor. Fixing the voltage at VIN to 1. No current flows into the input terminals of the device. Each emitter would be connected to a resistor (for sensing) and the load (which is Feb 24, 2012 · A voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is defined as an oscillator whose output frequency is controlled by an input voltage. The first thing we should do is to give power to the circuit, so that it can operate. Part A Solve for us Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units. 22pF 56. The device is designed • Low Drop Voltage to supply high-power LEDs. ADA4870 is a high speed, high voltage, and high drive capacity amplifier. 75. explains exactly what the parameters are that you see when you double click on the CCVS or CCCS component in the Editor. For a 50mA current sink, use the circuit shown in Figure 4. 5W. SPICE allows circuits to contain dependent sources characterised by any of the four equations. Modified Howland circuit As shown in Figure 4, a Howland circuit has been modified Oct 16, 2020 · Designing a Voltage Controlled Current Source. The control loop adjusts the duty cycle in order to maintain a constant output voltage regardless of changes to the input voltage and load current. This type of source is crucial in electronic circuits and system analysis, forming an integral part of linear network models. The terminal current, if your current probe is named "iprobe_in" the Sep 19, 2011 · In this work, the single Op-Amp with load-in-the-loop topology as a current source is revisited. So the current flowing through the device under test will be V/R, where V is the +5V rail in this example and R is 8 Ohm in this example. As the transistor model, it has three terminals: a high input impedance (base, or B); a low-impedance input/output (emitter, or E); and a current output (collector, or C). Aug 18, 2022 · Current Sources. Its output voltage is directly proportional to the current flowing through a controlling current source. A constant current of 5 mA (PP) is designed and tested over a wide Question: 1. 5V/R OUT from R LOAD. I mean a voltage controlled current source. e. The TL4242 is provided Jan 1, 2019 · Alternately, a simple non-inverting amplifier circuit can be used as a voltage-controlled current source using IC LM7171 op-amp. Jun 29, 2023 · A current source that depends on a current input is generally referred too as a Current Controlled Current Source or CCCS. 5V. It is sometimes also called a Howland current pump. It shows a DC Sweep simulation where the voltage across the CCVS1 component depends on a current elsewhere in the circuit. Independent Voltage Source: Maintains a specific voltage across its terminals regardless of current flow, such as in batteries or generators. An ideal current-mode converter is only dependent on the dc or average inductor current. Examples of voltage-controlled and current-controlled sources are shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\). Dec 27, 2021 · No idea whether that's what you want here - it's your circuit. Note that the voltage across resistor R1 is expressed as Vx. However, the rated voltage across the terminals of real or practical voltage sources drops off as the load current it supplies increases. You might try adding a current probe in series with your current source, save a terminal of the current probe as a current in your transient simulation and using the calculator to integrate the terminal current. One of the simplest uses of a voltage controlled resistor is an electronically controlled attenuator or “volume control”. The controlled voltage source is a voltage source whose value depends on the states of other elements in the circuit. All these specifications make it the right fit for fast settling and a large current source. A practical form of the circuit is built using an op-amp, as shown in Fig. In each of these circuits, the drain and source terminals of the FETs (Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4) provide a voltage Nov 2, 2020 · At the moment, I have this LTC2668 16-bit 16-channel DAC. It can supply 10 V to 40 V with 1. With the introduction of the LT3092, the current source as a drop-in component A Voltage Source is an active element that provides a specified and constant voltage which is completely independent of any other circuit elements. Vsupply can actually be very low or very high if you want it to be (for example, if you want to draw a large current out of a 1. 01%-accurate voltage-controlled current source ( Figure 2 ). This low-side constant-current source features the MAX1735 and draws 2. This versatility of this design can be useful in many applications that require a current source capable of bipolar Dec 2, 2023 · In the circuit of the non-inverting I-to-V converter, the input current source was perfect ("ideal"), and we have solved the problem caused by the load. They are the modified Howland circuit and cascaded op amps. 190k. A low-side current source is easier. Load: Gas discharge lamp (20mA max). It’s just a mathematical representation. OTA, or voltage-controlled current source, can be viewed as an ideal transistor. This IC compares the DC voltage and the current level at the output of a switching power supply to an internal reference. LINEAR REGULATOR FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM. The basic circuit forms a voltage divider as shown in Figures ï, , , and . Ω. Note the value for E1 is expressed in terms of an unknown value. As such, they will be found in nearly every Feb 7, 2020 · Voltage-controlled current sink using Op-Amp. 7mA in either direction, one of the boost Sep 1, 2012 · What are the (k) and (pP) values used in controlled sources for? What I'm trying to do is set up a circuit (a voltage source and a voltage controlled current source) where the current of the controlled source is defined as half the voltage of voltage source. Unlike voltage sources, a 0. It can produce a wide range of frequencies, from a few Hertz to hundreds of Giga Hertz, based on the input DC voltage. 2 S, the output current of the dependent source is IS=0. , independent) but rather which depends on some other circuit current or voltage. The plot below shows you how the current source reacts to a slowly changing input voltage. The Howland current pump, shown in Figure 1a, is a circuit that accepts an input voltage vI, converts it to an output current iO = AvI, with A as the Constant current sources and current sinks, (a current sink is the reverse of a current source) are a very simple way of forming biasing circuits or voltage references with a constant value of current, for example, 100uA, 1mA or 20mA using just a single FET and resistor. Low-Frequency Operation. Figure 1 shows the basic concept of a current sink which consists of an op amp that regulates the voltage across the resistor to create a regulated current sink. In this video, you’ll learn how to setup circuit in AWR Microwave Office environment which contains a Voltage-Controlled Current Sources. 5 mA and 200 mA. Where V_out is the output voltage, A is the gain factor, and V_in is the input voltage. The links I posted point to examples which then point to circuits to which the associated explanations apply. The negative impedance converter (NIC) is an op-amp circuit which acts as a negative load. Suppose i = 2 A. Feb 1, 2011 · Alternately, a simple non-inverting amplifier circuit can be used as a voltage-controlled current source using IC LM7171 op-amp. Our linear constant current LED drivers are a simple and robust solution to drive low- and medium-power LEDs up to 250 mA – making up the vast majority of applications in the growing LED market. Nov 5, 2018 · Howland current sources are the most popular current sources for EIT applications. Referring to Figure 2, this implies that the device will have the following characteristics: 1. Then I was thinking about using two of the ULN2803A, which is an array of 8 NPN Darlington transistors. To control this voltage by driving VIN with a DAC varies the current in the load, thus making this a variable current source. It is the circuit. The op-amp output is connected across the Mosfet gate. An ideal independent voltage source provides a steady voltage and passes any amount of current. Figure 1 shows a simple voltage-controlled current source by using two operational amplifiers, which gives us a good range of current and maximum load with a simple and low rent source. In fact, the design of this type of circuit is highly dependent on the application and frequency range. Ω Jun 23, 2021 · A voltage controlled current source is a very useful circuit building block, and the Howland current source is a good example. The circuit shown in Figure P1. *For example, consider the equivalent resistance of the following dependent source in parallel with a resistor: simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab. A single-ended voltage–controlled current source is shown here. 2×VIN=1 A. A constant current of 5 mA (PP) is designed and tested over a wide range of frequencies. Generally, an ideal current dependent source, either voltage or current controlled is designated by a diamond-shaped symbol where an arrow indicates the direction of the current, i as shown. Every circuit has a power source, or else it won’t do much. 6 user manual explaining polynomial sources. There is no (affordable) op-amp at that voltage. Constant current sources are commonly used in capacitor charging circuits Dec 18, 2016 · First hit on googling "voltage controlled current source circuit": Voltage Controlled Current Source - Current Servo - Daycounter (Though that circuit is actually a voltage controlled current sink, not a source, but the principles are the same. GMIN is set using ". M2 and M3 are a current mirror to replicate M1's current in a source configuration. This can even mean currents in the milliamp range depending on the application. 2 A output current limitation. Jul 17, 2020 · For example, a current source could be dependent on a voltage while a voltage source could be dependent on a current. 39. I can use a DC power supply which can supply this current. From a lightning strike to a USB port, any source can be modelled as one of these two things. 10k. If I place a 1V test source across this circuit, the source current will be Jun 26, 2024 · FIGURE 1. 15k. This control voltage will be used to demonstrate the low-frequency performance of the circuit. A precision current sink can be created with the combination of a transistor, amplifier, and voltage reference. The dependent current source produces a current that is k times the resistor current. Alternately, a simple non-inverting amplifier circuit can be used as a voltage-controlled current source using IC LM7171 op-amp. This circuit operates from a single +3. It is ground referenced; one side of the load resistance is connected directly to 2 Current Sink with Voltage References. By the same rule, let’s see the below circuit. The AD5791 contains a precision R-2R architecture that exploits state-of voltage controlled resistor. The negative-feedback action ensures that the voltage at the inverting terminal is equal to the voltage at the non Sep 14, 2017 · IC Current Sources - LT3092. R /dt stays relatively constant for the constant current source gate driver board (top), because the gate current is constant over the whole turn-on-process Oct 1, 2014 · Voltage-mode control switching regulators are recommended when wide-input line or output-load variations are possible, under light loads (when a current-mode control-ramp slope would be too shallow for stable PWM operation), in noisy applications (when noise from the power stage would find its way into the current-mode control feedback loop fig 7: A VCCS circuit. Source: High voltage boost converter. Firmware default output current of 700 mA with dimming ratio 10:1 (70 mA/step) Maximum output current of 1000 mA. Jan 11, 2022 · The current servo is also called this type of voltage-regulated power source circuit. 75 The circuit shown in (Figure 1) contains a voltage- controlled current source. The circuit is very convenient and can design with a minimal number of components. Thanks. i=f (v) v=f (v) i=f (i) v=f (i) where the functions must be polynomials, and the arguments may be multidimensional. ny za sk yw ee ye wk hz rc id