Plt pie title. suptitle('test title', fontsize=20) plt.

titleweight"] (default: 'normal') are ignored in this case. pie(sizes, labels=labels) Each slice of the pie chart is a patches. There's a bold times font of its own, assuming it's installed on your system: plt. pie(v_counts, labels=v_counts. plot(x, y) But I got lots of errors: Traceback (most recent call last): Jun 3, 2023 · bbox_transform=plt. show() Probably you want this. Nov 20, 2021 · I would like to add a title to pie chart with legend at right. index. isupper() == True: result = chart(x) return result. 3- you can type " import pandas as pd " in IDLE. figure(figsize=(5,3)) ax = fig. gcf(). Feb 11, 2016 at 17:59. 1% (or whatever you want) and move the position of the text (to do this decently you might need Mar 30, 2022 · I have such code now: import matplotlib. fig = plt. subplots() ax. The matplotkib plt. You can plot a pie chart in matplotlib using the pyplot’s pie() function. pyplot as plt fig = plt. Example 1: Change the font size of the Title in a Matplotlib. pie () 方法语法格式如下： matplotlib. In this blog, we will work on how to draw a matplotlib pie chart?To draw pie char use plt. You'll learn to use parameters such as autopct, textprops, colors, startangle, counterclock, labeldistance, pctdistance, shadow, and explode. Number of rows/columns of the subplot grid. axes. Or, more succinctly: ax. title () function. Putting it all together (besides the special chars - I had some problems activating TeX), try the following code: # -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-. subplots creates a figure and a grid of subplots with a single call, while providing reasonable control over how the individual plots are created. Label or position of the column to plot. pie(x, labels) Mar 31, 2022 · Case A shows the default case. Matplotlib maintains a handy visual reference guide to ColorMaps in its docs. from matplotlib import pyplot as plt fig = plt. pyplot as plt # Pie chart, where the slices will be ordered and plotted counter-clockwise: sizes = [15, 30, 45, 10] fig1, ax1 = plt. If no column reference is passed and subplots=True a pie plot is drawn for each numerical column independently. show() However I call this functions from another function. pie (data, explode=None, labels=None, colors=None, autopct=None, shadow=False) Parameters: data represents the array of data values to be plotted, the fractional area Functions dealing with text like label, title, etc. The label inside the plot was a result of radius=1. 70 , 0. Set a title for the Axes. Data. getp(title_obj) #print out the properties of title plt. x = np. title('sin function', x= 1. # the same figure for both subplots. pie, but you should be able to do what you want manually. subplots() fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt. We want to highlight the hours spent on Python. 70 May 10, 2017 · plt. pyplot is mainly intended for interactive plots and simple cases of programmatic autopct enables you to display the percentage value of each slice using Python string formatting. This cannot work. 31 , 4. add_subplot() a = dataset['PassengerId'][dataset['Survived'] == 0 Aug 24, 2021 · legend=True adds the legend; title='Air Termination System' puts a title at the top ylabel='' removes 'Air Termination System' from inside the plot. titlesize"] (default: 'large') and rcParams["figure. Note. pie(hours, explode=explode, labels=labels) plt. title(label, fontdict=None, loc=None, pad=None, *, y=None, **kwargs) [source] #. It provides an implicit, MATLAB-like, way of plotting. If you want to show the % symbol on the pie chart, you have to write/add: Dec 7, 2020 · With original size the pie was huge, all over the screen. suptitle ('This sentence is\nbeing split\ninto three lines') plt. subplots (1, 2) ax1. This will automatically add the labels for you and even do the percentage labels as well. imshow(data, interpolation='nearest') title_obj = plt. array([ 3, 5, 1, 6 ]) plt. This syntax is similar to including titles on line plots and bar Aug 14, 2021 · 2. 8,'Humidity',fontsize=30,ha='center') plt. 2. . gca(). text(0. Your plt. , line1, line2 = plot(x1, y1, x2, y2). pyplot as plt group_size = [10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 50] labels = ['AAAA', 'BBBB', 'CCCC', 'DDDD', 'EEEE', ''] fig, ax = plt. title('My Title', loc='right') #adjust title position using x and y coordinates. Jan 23, 2020 · I would like to change the fontsize of the title of my legend in matplotlib. The data is stored in a pandas dataframe. 0) #pyplotインターフェース ax. 66 , 4. pyplot #. pyplot as plt import numpy as np from numpy. pie() を使用します。. 86 , 19. If a figure with that identifier already exists, this figure is made active and returned. sin(x) fig, ax = plt. transFigure) Here (1,0) is the lower right corner of the figure. title works at the axes level. If not None, is a len(x) array which specifies the fraction of the radius with which Jul 16, 2021 · You can use one of the following methods to adjust the position of a title in a Matplotlib plot: #adjust title position using 'loc' argument (left, center, right) plt. I want to increase fontsize of labels A, B,C etc in above pie chart. The use of fontdict is discouraged. text. title command after the graph df. (10,8)) sns. pyplot as plt: plt. The Python matplotlib pyplot pie chart displays the series of data in slices or wedges, and each slice is the size of an item. title_location 属性或使用 text() 方法，我们可以在Matplotlib中将标题放在图像的底部，实现更加多样化的绘图效果。. To plot a pie chart in Matplotlib, we can call the pie () function of the PyPlot or Axes instance. Creating multiple subplots using. 위의 그림과 같이 부채꼴의 중심각을 구성 비율에 비례 하도록 표현합니다. If you loop over them you should be able to find the 0. Currently, the title not at the center! from matplotlib import pyplot as plt import numpy as np import pandas as pd def plot(df,xname Plot a pie chart. accept parameters same as matplotlib. pyplot as plt # If you want a 2 by 2 grid of plots, do: fig, axes = plt. #. arange(0, 5, 0. Jan 8, 2020 · However, this version didn't work for me, until I substituted the variables used in both the original post and the the other solution: plt. Make sure that all your texts and titles are placed properly and do not overlap each other. legend(['test entry'],title='test') lg. figure() data = np. If fontproperties is given the default values for font size and weight are taken from the FontProperties defaults. countplot(x='rating',hue='type',data=df) plt. tight_layout() slices = (2770000, 1360000, 1190000, Skip to main content Stack Overflow Jul 30, 2014 · import matplotlib. This calls plt. I'm just trying to label the x, y axis. The available titles are positioned above the Axes in the center, flush with the left edge, and flush with the right edge. Plot a pie chart. Jun 3, 2022 · We can add axis titles using the following methods: . x = range ( 1, 11 ) 円グラフを描画するには matplotlib. set_title('sin function', x= 1. axis((0, 10, 0, 10)) t = ("This is a really long string that I'd rather have wrapped so that it " "doesn't go outside of the figure Jul 16, 2019 · You can either: 1. 0) Use the setter methods of a Line2D instance. xlabel('xlabel', fontsize=18) plt. show() which produces the error Nov 28, 2021 · Method 1: Using matplotlib. ttflist if 'Heiti' in f. You can set the labels on that object. I believe this example should be self-explaining, however, you obviously don't need to move labels manually. pyplot as plt import numpy as np x = np. For example, here’s how to add an overall title to a The goal is to create a pie chart based on the above data. python. Pie charts are a great way to visualize data in a way that is easy to understand. Return value: If autopct is not None, return the tuple (patches, texts, autotexts), where patches and texts are as above, and autotexts is a list of Text instances for the numeric labels. The title () method in matplotlib module is used to specify title of the visualization depicted and displays the title using various attributes. title('Relation between Type and Rating') Let’s clean it up and Aug 26, 2022 · As we use matplotlib. In python 2. name = 'x label' would work too. pyplot as plt plt. Parameters: x1D array-like. add_axes((0,0,. let’s create pie chart in python. 0) #オブジェクト指向インターフェース 縦 縦方向は y 引数に数値を与えることで、位置の調整ができます。 matplotlib. title on its own returns a text object, not the string itself, and expects the same. Let’s see how we can add and style axis labels in Matplotlib: # Adding Axis Labels to a Matplotlib Plot import matplotlib. But with that reduction my labels become not clear and less readable (even if to increase the size of labels). pentandrous. plot(x, y, linewidth=2. pie(x) plt. 5, 0. . A tutorial on creating pie charts in python with Matplotlib, including adding labels, changing the styles, and using custom colors. sin(x) plt. title("sub count of most popular czech youtubers") plt. Mar 21, 2022 · Pandas has this built in to the pd. add_subplot for adding subplots at arbitrary Apr 22, 2015 · fig = plt. The autopct parameter helps in displaying the share of each wedge. annotate ('Some text in Sep 22, 2016 · Extending on Raphael's answer, for those using macOS, the system Chinese fonts is Heiti. title = code and erase it and re-run the script if this is a jupyter like enivornment (e. title()` and display it with `plt. This is making the axis leave room at the top of the figure, by specifying the axis size in figure coordinates. The wedge sizes. ha is for horizontal alignment import matplotlib. pie ¶. 1, 0, 0, 0) plt. You can easily tweak the fontsize of both and adjust there placing by changing the first two figtext positional parameters. boxplot(data=df, x='var1', y='var2'). pyplot as plt frac=[1. 5 x-location is the halfway point between the left and the right. title('my random fig') #get the title property handler plt. 6, shadow=False. Create a figure and a set of subplots. # The slices will be ordered and plotted counter-clockwise. Set one of the three available Axes titles. The fractional area of each wedge is given by x/sum(x). Case B shows the startangle case. Also, if you want a figure title, the command is plt. 02 , 1. title call happens before the figure is created (with plt. Nov 14, 2021 · To this end, one would store the autopct labels returned by plt. Then create a list of data, a list of labels, and a list of colors. style. for x in y: if x. In addition to hashcode55's code: When you want to avoid making multiple DataFrames, I recommend to assign integers to your feature-column and iterate through those. 5, y=1. pyplot. pie() function help to plot pie chart of given numeric data with labels. That's why I decided to use radius . For example, autopct = '%. suptitle("Main Title", size=16) answered Jan 25, 2015 at 3:31. None or dict, optional. notebook), detect that line and delete it if not already and then restart the kernel and re run again. title(). Aug 28, 2020 · import matplotlib. so df2. 2f' # display the percentage value to 2 decimal places. edited Aug 14, 2021 at 18:19. Step 3: Plot the Pie Chart using Matplotlib. And then that would call the function above and I would like it to chart separate pie charts but they call end up on top of each other. pie() function. string e. Any and all help is much appreciated! Aug 2, 2017 · So go to your search bar on your desktop and search for cmd. import numpy as np. Apr 8, 2021 · To add a title to a single seaborn plot, you can use the . In this example, we are plotting a ReLU function graph with fontsize=40. The following is the syntax: import matplotlib. The wedges are plotted counterclockwise, by default starting from the x-axis. random. random import randn fig = plt. df. title. In order to do this, we use the explode parameter. xlabel() adds an x-axis label to your plot. 2, colors=['k'], startangle=180, counterclock=False) # ax. 파이 차트 (Pie chart, 원 그래프)는 범주별 구성 비율을 원형으로 표현한 그래프 입니다. subplots:. pie (x, explode=None, labels=None, colors=None, autopct=None, pctdistance=0. show () pie ()提供一些详细选项如下。. Jan 10, 2024 · Matplotlib API has pie () function in its pyplot module which create a pie chart representing the data in an array. I would like to create a seperate pie chart for both "Gender" and "Country" to show how many times each option shows up in the data but I'm quite confused about how to do so. If that is the case for you as well, you might try: import matplotlib. The only real pandas call we’re making here is ma. In the code below we will suppose that we have only one line so that the list returned is of length 1. ylabel('ylabel', fontsize=16) fig. figure(figsize = (15, 80)) for i, audio, rate, name in zip(r Sep 26, 2013 · 2. ¶. If sum(x) < 1, then the values of x give the fractional area directly and the array will not be normalized. fig. bar (x, y) # add text to the axes on the left only ax1. title('My Title', x=0. g. An integer refers to the Figure. index, autopct=autopct_format(values)) – matplotlib. Attention, plt. Mar 31, 2022 · title - we have added a title to the plot, y calling plt. 0 に満たない場合は空白の領域が Mar 14, 2019 · I have a pie chart that looks like: I tried increasing the font size using textprops={'fontsize': 18}). It is like case A except the whole pie is rotated counterclockwise by the Nov 8, 2013 · Maybe add these information to the legend. pyplot as plt labels = 'Frogs', 'Hogs', 'Dogs', 'Logs' sizes = [15, 30, 45, 10] fig, ax = plt. Jun 3, 2023 · I have a pie chart with a left aligned title: import matplotlib. All you have to do is use kind='pie' flag and tell it which column you want (or use subplots=True to get all columns). pyplot is a state-based interface to matplotlib. 1); y = np. plot(kind='pie') I have tried plt. A dict of font properties. Make a pie chart of array x. Now plot the values using the pie method. name]) Then, do the following: matplotlib. AxesSubplot object. To check if you have it: import matplotlib. jpg') 13. Text properties and layout #. 12. ylabel('Y axis title) and several other codes but none are working. rcParams["figure. pie(hours, labels=labels) plt. axis('equal') is applied only to the last graph outside the loop process. Wedge object; therefore in addition to A pie plot is a proportional representation of the numerical data in a column. 5,1)) ax. set () function. plot() function returns a matplotlib. xlabel('X axis title') and plt. subplots. This function wraps matplotlib. plot(range(10)) lg = ax. Here's my first guess. Parameters should be passed as individual keyword arguments or using dictionary This affects %matplotlib inline in IPython and Jupyter notebooks where the inline setting uses bbox_inches='tight' by default when saving the image to embed. figure #. pyplot as plt import numpy as np # generate sample data to plot x = np. Controlling properties of text and its layout with Matplotlib. Sep 16, 2018 · If you are trying to set text() method there are x and y coordinates you can use to change the location of the text. clip(randn(250,250),-1,1) cax = plt. add_subplot(121) will create a grid of subplots consisting. figure(figsize=(10,6)) ax = fig. To add labels, pass a list of labels to the labels parameter. Jul 24, 2022 · Let's explore how to use Matplotlib function pie() to draw pie charts with customized colors, text, and percent labels. May 18, 2023 · Finally, we add a title to our plot with `plt. title (label, fontdict=None, loc=’center’, pad=None, **kwargs) Example 1: In this example, we will look at how to give 通过设置 Axes. My code: Sep 22, 2021 · The issue seems to be caused by the fact that plt. figure () fig. set(title='Title of Plot') To add an overall title to a seaborn facet plot, you can use the . Aug 1, 2021 · Here we will be building a simple pie chart with the help of matplotlib. Go to the end to download the full example code. pie documentation:. pyplot as plt import numpy as np plt. pie (x, explode=None, labels=None, colors=None, autopct=None, pctdistance=0. 1) The following examples show how to use each of these methods Nov 1, 2023 · Let’s build a pie chart that shows a breakdown of content ratings. Jan 5, 2020 · matplotlib. pie. A unique identifier for the figure. Text instances have a variety of properties which can be configured via keyword arguments to set_title, set_xlabel , text, etc. show () answered Feb 23, 2014 at 11:46. Matplotlib 饼图 饼图（Pie Chart）是一种常用的数据可视化图形，用来展示各类别在总体中所占的比例。. explode = (0. Create a list of pie piece sizes and call the plt. 9. pyplot as plt _ = plt. Draw a first plot #. At the least, can we center the pie inside the space? Here is some sample code similar to what I am actually doing: Jun 22, 2017 · I suspect that this is related to the fact that ax1. set_title('title') plt. In order to draw the matplotlib chart in Python, you have to use the pyplot pie function. 1f' # display the percentage value to 1 decimal place. set_title. pie() and loop over them to replace the text with the values from the original array. You should move the plt. findSystemFonts(fontpaths=None, fontext='ttf') May 12, 2023 · Quick summary. change the plot background color to a different color. show() ( Source code, 2x. They're an intuitive and simple way to visualize proportional data - such as percentages. figure() plt. 欢迎关注”生信修炼手册”!在 matplotlib 中， pie 方法用于 Jun 23, 2021 · I don't know how to specify the position of the title using matplotlib. fracs = [15, 30, 45, 10] First of all; avoid pie charts whenever you can! Secondly, have a think about how objects work in python. figure(figsize=(4,3),dpi=144) # axes object for the first pie chart. In other cases, one might still need to adapt those spacings such that no overlap is seen, e. Jul 18, 2016 · Use this if you want to create quicker arrangements of subplots. 43 , 2. Feb 24, 2021 · 1. suptitle(title) plt. Matplotlib 파이 차트 그리기. png, png) If a plot does not show up please check Troubleshooting. plt. 6, shadow Sep 1, 2020 · There are only 2 options for gender and 3 for country. Ronny Andersson. I want the title to be a bit more further away from the label but I don't know how to set it. sharex, shareybool or {'none', 'all', 'row', 'col'}, default: False. Text. use("fivethirtyeight") plt. fontManager. We use tuple unpacking with line, to get the first element of that list: Jul 5, 2021 · 2. I'm not sure what's controlling this spacing. See pie. After specifying the labels and sizes of the pie chart. pie() only returns three arguments, the last one being the labels of interest, when autopct keyword is provided so we set it to an empty string here. pyplot — Matplotlib 3. subplots(1, 4) # And one 4-tall column: fig, axes = plt. autopct = '%. plot(data) fig. set_title('title') as in: plt. 868 1 9 18. The syntax of this pie function is. suptitle. show()`. You can use the template below to plot the chart: May 8, 2018 · My solution is basically similar to the accepted answer by ImportanceOfBeingErnest. the function returns tuple (patches, texts, autotexts). Starting from angle 0, the segments 1 to 4 are added in the counterclockwise direction. Syntax: matplotlib. axis('equal') pie = ax. import matplotlib . 40 , 10. This utility wrapper makes it convenient to create common layouts of subplots, including the enclosing figure object, in a single call. The labels need to be a Python list of strings. pyplot. matplotlib. ~~~ 】を覚えておいた方が応用がきくので、以降の例では、【 ax. In the pie function, we use the explode parameter for expanding a wedge of pie chart. As usual we would start by defining the imports and create a figure with subplots. Please move that code inside the loop. number attribute, a string refers to the figure label. gca() ax. Apr 6, 2017 · The df. I applied your code to the example in the official reference and added the code to change the font. The following code will do it (explanation in comments): import matplotlib. suptitle () function. print([f for f in matplotlib. labels = 'Frogs', 'Hogs', 'Dogs', 'Logs'. Parameters: nrows, ncolsint, default: 1. set_title(fontsize='large') plt. Here is a minimal example plot: import matplotlib. 0, 100, 50) y = np. pyplot as plt. title() method to assign a title to a plot, so in order to change the font size, we are going to use the font size argument of the pyplot. explodearray-like, default: None. A title is added to the pie chart with plt. , [ 'Sans' | 'Courier' | 'Helvetica' ] You can lay out text with the alignment arguments Matplotlib Pie Chart . subplot(221) plt. Axes. getp(title_obj, 'text') #print May 18, 2019 · matplotlib. Parameters: Aug 19, 2022 · Matplotlib Exercises, Practice and Solution: Write a Python programming to create a pie chart with a title of the popularity of programming Languages. 1 documentation. Here is my code: import matplotlib. use ('_mpl We will create a pie and a donut chart through the pie method and show how to label them with a legend as well as with annotations. Matplotlib如何将标题放在图像底部 在Matplotlib中，我们可以使用 title () 方法给绘图添加标题，而标题通常位于图像的顶部，但有时候需要 matplotlibの2つのグラフ描画方法での、タイトルの表示方法をざっくり紹介しました。 オブジェクト指向でのグラフ描画方法【 ax. However, it only changes the font-size of the percentage labels inside pie, and the labels outside remain un-affected. show() Change Style of the Pie Chart Plot a pie chart of animals and label the slices. The only mandatory argument is the data we'd like to plot, such as a feature from a dataset: [ ] import matplotlib. 5 Explore a Zhihu column that offers a platform for free expression and writing on diverse topics. 我们可以使用 pyplot 中的 pie () 方法来绘制饼图。. It is like case A except the whole pie is 实例. change the textprops color to something different: textprops={'color':"blue", 'size': 10, 'weight':'bold'} You can easily manage the font size, style and color using the textprops argument in the ax. plot(). show() また、要素の合計が 1. figure() ). ~~~ 】を用いてグラフを作成していきます。 Jan 16, 2021 · Yes, there's matplotlib. We can add some labels to our pie chart with the keyword argument labels= included in the plt. pie() function call. rcParams['font. pi, 200) y = np. But I think the steps involved are easier to grasp. For more advanced use cases you can use GridSpec for a more general subplot layout or Figure. Jan 12, 2024 · plt. suptitle('test title', fontsize=20) plt. plot(x, y) plt. font_manager. # fig. The resulting pie will have an empty wedge of size 1 - sum(x). labels = df03['new_sentiment'] To create a pie chart like the one below: Install and Import Matplotlib’s pyplot module. Customizing the pie chart. pie() for the specified column. plot returns a list of Line2D objects; e. sizes = [15, 30, 45, 10] Aug 15, 2011 · If your subplots also have titles, you may need to adjust the main title size: plt. It also opens figures on your screen, and acts as the figure GUI manager. For example, here’s how to add a title to a boxplot: sns. 9,'Temperature', fontsize=100, ha='center') plt. pie(x)# Plot a pie chart. Jan 13, 2019 · For some reason, I'm getting a huge space between a pair of pie charts and their titles. 2- and immediately Type in the command "pip install pandas". Pip is a package install manager for Python and Wait for the downloads to be over and once. figure() ax = fig. Jun 23, 2018 · import matplotlib. An application called Command prompt should show up. import matplotlib. Parameters: yint or label, optional. pie(x, labels = None) Nov 8, 2022 · Just insert a newline character \n where you want the new line. set_facecolor('lightgrey') or. You can even apply styles tailored to each slice. style. pie (range (5)) plt . 9, "Figure subtitle", horizontalalignment="center") The 0. linspace (0. Next, plot the pie chart using Matplotlib. I've never used plt. 7 it is fontsize instead of size. pyplot 모듈의 pie () 함수를 이용해서 파이 차트를 그리는 Dec 29, 2016 · plt. linspace(0, 2 * np. subplots(2,2) # "axes" will be a list of all the matplotlib. DataFrame. Axes objects # For one 4-long row of plots: fig, axes = plt. suptitle("Main Title", fontsize=16) – Temak. Nov 4, 2018 · I want to add a title to my figure that contains several subplots. For the font size you can use size/fontsize:. 各要素の割合に応じた円グラフの領域が割り当てられます。. Using any negative value would place it below the axis. 8', 'pad':3}) and continue from the title-line in the original code. With just a few lines of code using Seaborn’s `pieplot()` function, we can easily create an informative and visually appealing pie chart. autotexts is the sequence of Text containing the percentages. family'] = ['Heiti TC'] For more here a link. python; Sep 30, 2021 · either detect that plt. Create a new figure, or activate an existing figure. I tried to run, on IDLE, the following example code, which was copied from matplotlib's official website: import numpy as np. A shorthand answer assuming import matplotlib. uniform (low = 0, high = 10, size = 50) # get references to the 2 axes with plt. savefig('test. From pyplot. The pie chart is plotted by using the pie function. Because of the default spacings between axes and figure edge, this suffices to place the legend such that it does not overlap with the pie. set_title('Distribuicao recomendada de calorias por refeicao', bbox={'facecolor':'0. show() Highlight a Category in the Pie Chart. subplot(222) etc Then there is no need for superfluous variables. 5,. title("Test", fontname="Times New Roman Bold") You can find a list of fonts on your system here: How to get a list of all the fonts currently available for Matplotlib? I have: >>> [i for i in matplotlib. x = [15, 25, 25, 30, 5] Matplotlib is a powerful visualization library in python and comes up with a number of different charting options. Now, we want to make a configuration on the chart. pie Explore the world of writing and self-expression on Zhihu's column platform, where creativity meets freedom. This diagram shows how the angles work in more detail: Case A shows the default case. You need to create two subplots - one for each pie chart. I would like to collapse this space. title() method in the matplotlib module. Provide this chart: a title and then using the show () method plot the chart. set(xlabel="x label", ylabel="y label"). Here's how to do a subtitle: just use a regular figure text box stuck in the right place: # Figure subtitle. Mar 30, 2021 · Matpllotlib提供了 pie ()函数用于 绘制 饼图。. ylabel() adds an y-axis label to your plot. Alternatively, the index x-axis label is automatically set to the Index name, if it has one. subplot(4, 1) # etc I want to have labels with small size on a piechart in python to improve visibility here is the code import matplotlib. figtext(. pie(group_size, radius=2. # Pie chart, where the slices will be ordered and plotted counter-clockwise: l = 'Frogs', 'Hogs', 'Dogs', 'Logs'. figure. plot() internally, so to integrate the object-oriented approach, we need to get an explicit reference to the current Axes with ax = plt. af ea xl vf pj fd ei ne xc qi