Rate of photosynthesis experiment. Cabomba caroliniana is no longer available to purchase in the UK. For comparing the effects of different wavelengths of light the bubbler is wrapped in cellophane availability) might affect the rate of photosynthesis in Elodea plants, and then students will carry out a series of 2-minute experiments under different conditions to test their hypotheses. California Science Content Standards ADVERTISEMENTS: (B) The readings show that the rate of photosynthesis is more in sun. Destarch the plant by placing it in a dark cupboard for 24 hours. In a process driven by light energy, glucose molecules (or other sugars) are constructed from water and carbon dioxide, and oxygen is released as a byproduct. b). The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis in spinach leaves. , 5 or 10) are released. At low light intensities above the light compensation point (LCP), photosynthetic rate increases proportionally to the light intensity and reaches a maximum. Use any method you like. Jul 17, 2016 · Photosynthesis is the process in which light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of sugars. In the floating leaf disk assay, 10 or more leaf disk samples are punched out of a leaf. This is corroborated by the strong correlation between A g and J at a PPFD of 200 μmol⋅m –2 ⋅s –1 . To determine the rate of photosynthesis, you could measure the production of oxygen, which is The rate of the Hill reaction can be studied using indicators such as 5. He rejected the ancient idea that plants take most of their biomass from the soil. The equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O ------light--------> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O Investigating the rate of photosynthesis This is an example of a common experiment used to investigate light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis. After Jul 12, 2023 · (Hint: Recall the chemical equation for photosynthesis. Introduction: Photosynthesis and respiration Photosynthesis is the process by which light energy is used to produce oxygen, glucose, and Jan 25, 2023 · I. Aug 20, 2020 · This film could be used to raise awareness of two different methods of investigating the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis. 2% Lab Photosynthesis Laboratory objectives: Learn about photosynthesis. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2 (1) (1) 6 C O 2 + 6 H 2 O + E n e r g y → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2. Before testing for starch, complete the following procedure: Method Part 1. EXPERIMENT 3: What was the rate of O2 production for a light intensity of 4? Subtract the original volume at 0 min from the final reading at 120 min to determine the volume change. Photosynthesis is vital for the life of plants and for all animals on the planet. Design an experiment to test your hypothesis. When plants that spend their life submerged in water release oxygen it forms bubbles, which we can count over a period of time Title: Rate of Photosynthesis. Method Set up a boiling tube containing 45 cm 3 of sodium hydrogencarbonate solution (1%). Plants produce oxygen which is invisible and 3. May 18, 2021 · The main objective of this experiment is to determine the effects of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis. Investigating the requirement for light in photosynthesis. The time it takes for a certain number of leaves to float can be used to calculate the rate of photosynthesis. Find out more with Bitesize. Across a range of FACE experiments, with a variety The complex series of 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 In the Gizmo, what light intensity and CO 2 level do you think will maximize the rate of photosynthesis? _____ Experiment: Use the Gizmo to find the ideal conditions for photosynthesis. Where volume of oxygen produced is the total volume of oxygen produced by the plant during the experiment, and time is the duration of the experiment. This process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts that are found in the leaves of the plant. These include: the rate of oxygen production (number of bubbles or volume of oxygen gas given off in a set time) The rate of photosynthesis can be affected by any of the factors dis-cussed above including sunlight, tempera-ture, water, availability of CO 2 and oxygen (O 2) or the macro and micro nutrients that influence the production of chlorophyll and other chemical compounds taking part in photosynthesis. Next, fill a measuring cylinder with water and carefully place it over the tip of the funnel. 27 kg. This process requires light for some of the reactions. Plants make their own food – absorbing and converting sunlight energy into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates such as glucose and other biomolecules. In the diagram below, you can see the absorption spectra of three key pigments in photosynthesis: chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and β-carotene. Both take li Feb 29, 2024 · In this practical experiment, the rate of photosynthesis is measured by counting the number of bubbles rising from the cut end of a piece of Cabomba pondweed. This should help you understand how to work 21. The maximum rate is determined by the other factors involved. This simulation will explore those factors. Photosynthesis fuels ecosystems and replenishes the Earth's atmosphere with oxygen. After that, increasing carbon dioxide concentration in the air will not affect the plants. Purpose: To measure the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis in the leaf cells. In the described experiment, light intensity was our variable. Experiment 4: Measuring the Effect of Environmental Temperature on the Rate of Photosynthesis Part 1. If carbon dioxide and light levels are high, but temperature is low, increasing temperature will have the greatest effect on reaching a higher rate of photosynthesis. Position a lamp 100 cm away from the beaker (use a ruler to measure this). For students between the ages of 11 and 14. By facilitating conversion of solar energy into chemical energy, photosynthesis acts as the primary energy input into the global food chain. By extrapolating from the graph, the point where 50% of the disks are floating is at about 11. Conclusion . First, two of the plants or clippings will need to go in plastic bags and the others will go in pots. Teaching Topics. Lamp intensity (Lumens): 1000 Temperature: 10 °C Number of bubbles: 0 The rate of photosynthesis will increase with increasing light intensity. This ensures that any starch already present in the leaves will be used up and will not affect the results of the experiment To investigate the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis. The point at which 50% of the leaf disks are floating (the median) is the point of reference for this procedure. 6) or by measuring the volume of O 2 evolved per unit time (Refer Expt. The difference between the two temperatures will affect the amount of time it takes for the leaf disks to float. Then solutions of differing concentrations of carbon dioxide, 0. Use any method. Alternatively, they could explore how to measure the rate of photosynthesis using various probes interfaced to computers. Your goal is to find a way to consistently measure the rate of photosynthesis using any of the designs above. Chloroplasts are small structures that contain a green pigment called chlorophyll. what is the function of the stomata? the opening of the leaf where gases (CO2 and O2) are exchanged. The glucose molecules provide organisms with two crucial resources: energy and Mar 1, 2024 · In chemical terms, photosynthesis is a light-energized oxidation–reduction process. . Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Key Concepts, Key Concepts The rate of photosynthesis is affected by light intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide concentrations, and chlorophyll. 09 minutes-1at 3 g/100 mL baking soda. The rate of photosynthesis is optimal at room temperaure (25 °C). Canadian Pondweed, Elodea canadensis. 08 minutes-1at 2 g/100 mL baking soda, and 0. Form a hypothesis to test your variable. Experiment # 10. B. B4 D) Investigating Photosynthesis. The experiment uses hot water, ice, thermometer, balance, filters, lamp, potassium hydrogencarbonate and stopclock. With the members of your group, brainstorm variables which may affect the rates of photosynthesis. Like all enzyme-driven reactions, the rate of photosynthesis can be measured by either the disappearance of substrate, or the accumulation of products. Hypothesis: More amount of time under the light will cause the plant to give out more glucose and O2 . In the previous section, we learnt that the rate of photosynthesis is affected by light intensity, concentration of carbon dioxide and temperature. Pondweeds (Algal balls or similar) must be set up and placed at varying distances from a light source to investigate the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis. org Without the use of extensive laboratory equipment, the rate of photosynthesis can be determined indirectly by conducting a floating leaf disk assay to measure the rate of oxygen production (Figure 2). Your answer should be in a complete sentence. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2. 45 percent. Introduction: Photosynthesis occurs in plants where the light energy changes to chemical energy. The experimental procedure was followed. In this video we explore exactly how, GCSE Biology Required Practical - Photosynthesis Experiment. Collect data by changing the color of light. When light falls on plants they show light reaction. 2 ATP as a Supply of Energy; 5. In this experiment, a light At any given point in this experiment, the number of floating leaf disks is an indirect measurement of the net rate of photosynthesis. Experiment to compare the rate of photosynthesis under different conditions with the help of Wilmott’s bubbler: 4. If the intensity of light increases the rate of photosynthesis also increases. ) or by noting the time in which a specified number or bubbles (e. 5 g/100 mL baking soda, 0. Before we look at the experiment, let In the first part of the lab, students learn how to measure the rate of photosynthesis indirectly by using the floating leaf disk procedure to measure oxygen production. It comes with an accompanying software and USB cable for downloading data. Measuring the Rate of Photosynthesis at 1 0 ∘ C 1. ) In plant photosynthesis, the energy of light is used to drive the oxidation of water (H 2 O), producing oxygen gas (O 2 ), hydrogen ions (H To Study on the methods of Measuring the Rate of Photosynthesis: (a) Rate of photosynthesis in aquatic plants: Experiment: Rate of photosynthesis may be measured by counting number of bubbles per unit time (Refer Expt. how can the rate of photosynthesis be measured? oxygen production or carbon dioxide consumption. Express the rate of photosynthesis as ml of CO 2 absorbed, or O 2 evolved per gram weight of the experimental material per hour. N. Record your answer for use in a later question. Procedure: You will change the variables and record the number of bubbles released in a minute. Experiment to show the effect of different wavelengths of light during the process of photosynthesis: 5. Rate of photosynthesis = Volume of oxygen produced / Time. Instructions for use: 1. g. 4. 2. 3. Experiment to determine the amount of chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ and total chlorophyll in a given plant Photosynthesis Lab. Unit 2: Chemistry 1. Design an experiment to test how light affects photosynthetic rates. The equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O ------light--------> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + H 2 0. 5. 0 degrees Celsius. One common way is to gather bubbles of gas given off by an aquatic plant. Write your conclusions which include an answer to the original question / hypothesis. of plant materials x Period of Photosynthesis = X/3 × 3 ml/gms of fresh wt. 0625 minutes-1 at 1 g/100 mL baking soda, 0. The set up of the experiment to measure the rate of photosynthesis of an aquatic plant (pondweed) by measuring the rate of oxygen gas produced. The equation is below. Take a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask from the Containers shelf and place it onto the workbench. 1 Photosynthesis: An Overview; 5. All the advances in rubisco engineering have implied important improvements in our understanding of rubisco regulation and assembly but unsuccessfully improved the catalytic performance of rubisco 123, 124 or photosynthesis 125. 3 minutes. As a measure of the rate of photosynthesis, we will monitor the rate of oxygen production. Redirect the experiment by using varying light intensities and determine the optimum light intensity for the maximum rate of photosynthesis. Combine 1 L of water with ½ teaspoon of baking soda and 3-4 drops of liquid soap. When you think you have the answer, list the conditions below. Students Mar 6, 2022 · How to Calculate Rate of Volume Change. , 1998). The equation that summarizes photosynthesis is: water + carbon dioxide -> oxygen, water, and simple sugars. where in the cell of the leaf do you find air spaces? the spongy mesophyll layer. A class practical experiment to measure the rate of photosynthesis by counting the number of bubbles rising from the cut end of Elodea or Cabomba. They do however, contain chlorophyll which give them the ability to perform photosynthesis; they use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into energy and oxygen. Prepare for the experiment by creating an infiltration solution. A common experiment when studying plant biology is investigating factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis. The rate at which the redox indicator changes colour from its oxidised state to its reduced state can be used as a measure of the rate of photosynthesis. Rate of photosynthesis = volume of oxygen produced ÷ time elapsed Limitations Algae is often used in experiments on photosynthesis and respiration rates but it can be very hard to maintain consistency in the number of algae and it can be hard to handle directly in the water Jan 2, 2022 · DataClassrooom. —light, temperature, availability of components, i. Table Answers Below: Temperature. Importance of Light in Photosynthesis. ) When you click on the "Create Space" button you will create an ILS that has two versions of the Collaborative Rate of Photosynthesis Lab in the investigation phase. 05 minutes-1 at 0. 7 kg. At low (10 °C) and high temperatures (40 °C) the rate of photosynthesis is not as efficient. (Oxidation refers to the removal of electrons from a molecule; reduction refers to the gain of electrons by a molecule. The set of wavelengths that a pigment doesn't absorb are reflected, and the reflected light is what we see as color. Place an inverted (upside down) funnel over the pondweed. The limiting factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, and light intensity. Effect of an Inhibitor and Heathwood Hall Episcopal School, Columbia, SC 29205. According to BBCbitesize. This caused the leaf disks to sink. 1-fold while the average increase of relative growth rate over 56 day was 1. May 21, 2013 · The immediate acclimation of photosynthesis of five fast growing annual terrestrial species by doubling of atmospheric CO 2 was 1. 6- to 2. For this experiment students will explore how to Background and PreLab. To demonstrate the requirement of carbon dioxide the following steps are performed: II. What caused the leaf disks to sink? To measure the rate of photosynthesis, you replaced the air in the spongy mesophyll in your leaf disks with a liquid. For example, if a plant produces 10 ml of oxygen in 10 minutes, the rate of photosynthesis would be: Rate of photosynthesis = 10 ml / 10 you are here->home0_home->Class 102_Class 10->Importance of Light in Photosynthesis3_Importance of Light in Photosynthesis. For the proof, he performed willow tree experiment. The experiment was started within 5 minutes of preparing the chloroplasts. Using the 50% point provides a greater degree of reliability and repeatability for this procedure. a or 1. ,— CO 2 and H 2 0. However, at high intensities the rate of photosynthesis does not increase as quickly anymore. 2009). 25-fold and only significant for one of the five species (Stirling et al. The green colour pigment is created by chlorophyll in the plant. The history of the studies done on photosynthesis dates back into the 17th century with Jan Baptist van Helmont. Students will compare carbon dioxide concentrations for photosynthesis driven by red and green lights to determine how light color influences photosynthesis. Up to the maximum tolerance of carbon dioxide in plants, increasing the amount of exposure to gas maximizes the rate of photosynthesis. A second activity illustrates how the same could be achieved using a simulation. They use this technique to compare the amounts of photosynthesis that occur under conditions of low and high light levels. As oxygen is produced, the density of the leaves change and they will begin floating in a sodium bicarbonate solution. Then, students will design an experiment to investigate how an independent variable, such as the This experiment takes place over a few days, so make sure you plan accordingly. Small circular disks were cut out of the spinach leaves using a standard hole puncher. 4 days ago · Photosynthesis Experiments. Green plants use light energy to produce their own food with photosynthesis You may have already learned that plants require water and carbon dioxide and light for photosynthesis and produce oxygen and glucose sugar in the process. In this lab, students explore the process of photosynthesis in spinach leaves. A native aquatic plant of temperate areas of North America. With water, light energy from the sun, and carbon dioxide from the air, photosynthetic organisms are able to build simple sugars. All three limiting factors can be assessed this way Method 9. 24. Aim: Carbon dioxide is the waste product of respiration that is utilised in the process of photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, plants use energy from the sun, water, and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the air to store carbon and energy in the form of glucose molecules. Measure the rate of photosynthesis in this experiment with online and lab options. This activity introduces a simple method of measuring the rate of photosynthesis and leads students to design their own investigation of a factor which affects it. For this experiment, you will need plant material, 96% ethanol, pestles and mortars, 10 ml measuring cylinders, filter funnels and papers (or a centrifuge), plastic cuvettes and a SpectroVis spectrophotometer. you like. The y-axis shows the rate of photosynthesis, or 1/ET50 in minutes-1. Material required: Two green potted plants, bell jar, alcohol, water, potassium hydroxide, iodine solution. (D) This experiment shows that photosynthesis occurs at a rapid rate from 10 to 35°C, provided other factors are not limiting. Methods. 4 THE EVER-CHANGING EARTH (f) the roles of respiration, combustion and photosynthesis in the maintenance of the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the The chemical formula is the same for the two types of simple sugars produced by photosynthesis: glucose and fructose: C 6 H 12 O 6. 3 Chloroplasts Experiment: Use the Gizmo to find the ideal conditions for photosynthesis. This may be a negative or positive number. In this lab, students test how light influences the rate of photosynthesis. Please see the SAPS website for guidance on achieving good results with other species of pondweed. Sep 16, 2019 · PAR intensity is an important factor that determines the rate of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis and respiration Description. As a result, the rate of photosynthesis reaches its maximum at an optimum temperature, then decreases. The optimal temperature for the fastest rate of photosynthesis will fall between 2°C and 75°C, and more towards the 24°C water. 1. It can be used with open and closed systems. Users may need to adapt the risk assessment information to local circumstances. Carbon Dioxide Concentration. These plants What is photosynthesis? The chemical progress of photosynthesis is when a green plant and sometimes other organisms produce O2 (oxygen) by using the light energy from the sun, CO2 (carbon dioxide) and water. In a final activity using Scratch a more open ended model is introduced Experimental Procedure: Create your hypothesis as to which type of light will be best for photosynthesis and why. 2. Effect This experiment provides a low cost solution for investigating the rate of photosynthesis for students who are blind or visually impaired. Having a greater amount of a carbon source can increase the rate at which photosynthesis occurs (Liu et al. He started with a willow tree of 2. Photosynthesis. com, the process involves carbon dioxide Oct 10, 2016 · Photosynthesis converts ∼200 billion tonnes of CO 2 into complex organic compounds annually and produces ∼140 billion tonnes of oxygen into the atmosphere. There are several ways of measuring the rate of photosynthesis in the lab. When light is at a higher intensity, or at more preferable light wavelengths, the rate of photoactivation of electrons is faster, therefore the rate of reduction of the indicator is faster May 10, 2021 · Therefore, light intensity plays a vital role in the rate of photosynthesis. light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis. Dec 28, 2019 · 2. Experiments The x-axis shows the baking soda concentration in grams per 100 mL. We can change one of these factors and see what effect it has on the rate of photosynthesis by undertaking an experiment. Investigate the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis. Light Intensity. Sep 2, 2019 · 10. This process occurs in the chloroplast of the plant cell in order to have gas exchange in the organism. When placed closer to a light , the rate of Experiments to investigate photosynthesis; The effect of chlorophyll on photosynthesis; Increasing the light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis, until some other factor This lab has been created in order to find what extent does distance from a light source (5cm, 10cm, and 15cm) affect the rate of photosynthesis (measured in bubbles / 3 min) in Elodea water plants. Carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, and light can affect the rate at which photosynthesis occur (Prinsley and Leegood 1986). Step 2: Divide number by 20 min. Finding out How might the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis be investigated? Design a suitable series of experiments. It is a chemical reaction that involves the use of carbon dioxide, water, and light. The rate of photosynthesis is 0. Photosynthesis . Photosynthetic rate is al- Photosynthesis. , 0. There are factors that can increase the rate of photosynthesis in plants. Before they begin the experiment, however, students must come up with a well-worded hypothesis to be tested. Use the clock and the start / stop buttons. It could also be used with sighted students. rate can be reached before the rate again plateaus. Result will be in mL/hr. Over 5 years, it grew to 67. e. (C) The readings show that the rate of photosynthesis is the highest in red light and lowest in green. Photosynthesis – Resources: Demonstrating oxygen formation during photosynthesis can be a tricky process. Step 3: Multiply the result by 60 min/hr. Before beginning this exercise, it is necessary to understand that photosynthesis uses light energy to synthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide. 12H 2 0 + 6CO 2-> 6O 2 + 6H 2 O + C 6 H 12 O 6 Oct 14, 2020 · CID Bio-Science’s CI-340 Handheld Photosynthesis System is a portable and handheld tool that measures photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, stomatal conductance, PAR and internal CO2. One of the most consistent effects of elevated atmospheric CO 2 on plants is an increase in the rate of photosynthetic carbon fixation by leaves. Too high or too low PAR intensities adversely affect the photosynthetic machinery. Carbon dioxide + Water –> Glucose Feb 21, 2020 · Watching gas bubble up from a pondweed as it photosynthesises can be a great demonstration or student practical. Result: Rate of photosynthesis = Amount of CO 2 consumed/Fresh wt. Next, punch leaf disks from healthy green spinach leaves. Photosynthesis is one of the most important anabolic chemical reactions that allows life to exist on Earth. of plant – material/hr. Cut a piece of Canadian pondweed and place this in a beaker of water. A standard lab centrifuge was used to spin down the chloroplasts (Clifton NE 010GT/I) at 2650 RPM, 95 X g for 10 minutes. Risk assessment – this experiment involves working with 96% ethanol. Apparatus and photosynthesis in spinach leaves have an optimal temperature where it works best. The set of wavelengths absorbed by a pigment is its absorption spectrum. Experiment 1: How Does Changing the Light Intensity and Distance Affect Photosynthesis? Introduction. The rate of photosynthesis will be measured by counting the number of oxygen bubbles produced by the Elodea plants in each 2-minute trail. In conclusion, the evidence suggests that decreasing light Nov 6, 2020 · Rubisco kinetics have been among the most common targets for improving photosynthesis. The equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O ------light--------> C 6 H 12 O 6 Experiments to investigate photosynthesis; Proving photosynthesis only occurs in the light; Factors and the rate of photosynthesis - Higher; Effect of light on photosynthesis in pondweed. Students can vary one factor that may affect the rate of photosynthesis and plot the data on a line graph. The rate of photosynthesis depends on all three factors i. Divide the change in volume by the time, 120 min, to obtain the rate of O2 production in units of mL/min. If one of those three inputs (water, carbon May 6, 2010 · Rate of photosynthesis = volume of oxygen produced ÷ time elapsed Limitations Algae is often used in experiments on photosynthesis and respiration rates but it can be very hard to maintain consistency in the number of algae and it can be hard to handle directly in the water Jul 12, 2023 · Students learn a simple technique for quantifying the amount of photosynthesis that occurs in a given period of time, using a common water plant (Elodea). Like all enzyme-driven reactions, the rate of photosynthesis can be measured by either the disappearance of the substrate or the accumulation of the products. III. Figure 4. Organisms that can make their own food are called autotrophs, and are at the base of the the rate of photosynthesis Practical activities have been safety checked but not trialled by CLEAPSS. See full list on sciencebuddies. Core practical 10: Investigate the effects of different wavelengths of light on the rate of photosynthesis Objectives Jul 11, 2023 · Introduction: Photosynthesis fuels ecosystems and replenishes the Earth's atmosphere with oxygen. ) What was the purpose of the sodium bicarbonate in this experiment? Leaf disks normally float. Test each type of plant and use the ruler to measure the height. Mar 4, 2021 · There was no clear evidence of Rubisco limitations to photosynthesis at a PPFD of 200 μmol⋅m –2 ⋅s –1, so the rate of the light-dependent reactions likely limited photosynthesis. The version labeled ‘Rate of Photosynthesis Lab - only light intensity control’ will allow a user to adjust only the light intensity in the simulation. The reaction was followed using an EEL colorimeter with a red filter – readings taken every minute. 5 or 1 min. Take a branch of Elodea from the Materials shelf and place it inside the 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Step 1: Take final volume (mL) and subtract initial volume (mL). The hypothesis of this experiment is that when the light intensity is increased, the rate of photosynthesis also increases until it reaches a certain point where the rate then starts to become constant. Explore the requirements for photosynthesis. What happens during photosynthesis? - OCR 21st Century Experiments to investigate photosynthesis. Part 2: Conditions for Photosynthesis. 713 B Palatine Ave, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA. Take an average for each plant at each color. (f) the roles of respiration, combustion and photosynthesis in the maintenance of the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; WJEC Combined science. The rate of photosynthesis under different conditions can be studied by plotting the number of bubbles against specified period of time (e. Plot and interpret the data you obtain from your experiment. In this lab, we will study the effect of light intensity and quality (wave length - color) on photosynthesis. Extend the experiment by investigating the effect of light intensity of various species of Elodea or different plants all together. id oe gq iu wz hh ui kp rb iv