Clear chrome data macos. Published by Anson Alexander from http://AnsonAlex.

app package and found a Versions folder containing Google Chrome versions dating back to 2013 (31. Open the Chrome 'More' menu. Go to Applications and move Google Chrome to the Trash. Launch the Chrome browser. Chrome: Go to Chrome > Clear Browsing Data and select all the types of data you want to clear (such as your browsing history, cookies, and cached images and files). Find the program you want to delete settings for, by searching or scrolling. Step 3: Click on the " Scan " button to scan your Mac for system junk. 2. Step 4. Then select “Under the Hood” and click the “Clear Browsing Data” option. ) Chromebook: Press Ctrl+Shift+Backspace. Now click Go to Folder from the menu. Choose what history you'd like to delete, and choose Clear data. Apr 24, 2022 · 如何根据你的 macOS 版本清除 DNS 缓存. See also Prevent cross-site tracking in Safari on Mac Enable cookies in Safari on Mac Clear your cache in Safari on iPhone Clear your cache in Safari As i know there are several ways to clear system data on Mac OS. Sync your profile. At the bottom of the drop-down menu, choose Clear History. Click “Clear Browsing Data” to clear your cache, history, and network data for the selected time period. Alternatively, right-click (or secondary click) the selected files and choose Move to Trash. Check the checkboxes of private data types that you would Mar 10, 2024 · Download. After that, choose “ Clear Browsing Data ” from the drop-down menu. Under “History settings,” adjust what Google tracks. Select all the Jun 14, 2024 · Step 2. Removing the data may reduce tracking, but may also log you out of websites or change website behavior. Apr 12, 2023 · How to clear cache in Chrome. Open your Chrome browser and click the ellipses. I'd like to get the browser history in a readable format, like a CSV or JSON file and the rest of the data in any particular format that can be accessed later. Alternatively, if you don’t want to go through this process to clear the browser cache in Chrome, you can use the Jun 12, 2024 · Click Delete browsing data. Nov 16, 2023 · Repeat Steps 1 and 2 to delete other backups. Optionally, download a different browser like Firefox or Safari to replace Chrome. Step 2: On the browser Dec 25, 2018 · Select both Cookies and other site data and Cached images and files, and click the Clear data button at the bottom. In the menu that appears, select Clear Recent History. Click on the dots icon button in the upper right corner, then choose “Settings”. app takes over 5 GB on my hard-drive (Mac OS X Yosemite 10. Select the time range for which you want to delete the cache, then click Clear History. Locate the Google Chrome icon and drag it to the Bin/Trash. Select “ Clear Browsing Data “. Click Sep 26, 2023 · How to Clear Cache in Chrome on Mac. May 23, 2023 · Select the Time range for which you want to clear your data. Follow these steps to find the Chrome apps folder on your Mac and delete unwanted apps: Be in Finder and click Go > Home from the top menu bar. Select the time frame for which you would like to delete data from. Sep 29, 2016 · Click the button at top-right to see your list of installed applications. Confirm that you want to Sep 26, 2023 · How to Clear Cache in Chrome on Mac. macos; command-line; google-chrome Announcing a change to the data-dump Feb 10, 2022 · Locate the Activity Monitor and click it open. Click Clear browsing data. Dec 4, 2021 · To remove a Chrome profile: Open Chrome. To clear system data on Mac Ventura in one click: Step 1: Download and install TunesBro CleanGeeker on your Mac. Apr 13, 2023 · Chrome Browser on MacOS: Steps in Clearing Cache and History. Restart your Mac to complete the uninstallation process. Open Chrome, and click the menu icon (three dots) in the top right 2. Confirm by clicking Uninstall. Level 2. I think it means to uninstall, then remove the folder, then re-install. On the “Clear Browsing data” screen, choose the cache type that you would want to clear from your Google Chrome browser. Now, locate and click the Storage tab at the right. Click on Time and change it to Size to organize your files by size. Click Clear to confirm. (Image credit: Future) 2. Click on “ Clear Browsing Data…. First, open Finder on your Mac and click Go in the toolbar. Choose "Empty Trash" to delete the Chrome app from Mac. 在出现的下拉菜单中 Oct 26, 2023 · Uninstall from inside the app. The ~/Library/ folder files fall under System Data, which mainly contains cache and log files. Aug 31, 2015 · How to Clear Autofill in Safari on Mac OS X manually. At the top, click More Delete. Scroll down to find “Reset Settings” and click on “Restore settings to their original defaults”. Jan 29, 2024 · Follow these steps to delete Chrome’s shortcut: To exit Chrome, press and hold Command + Q. 91 Gb. Step 2: Access the Clear Browsing Data menu. In our case shown in the image above, Chrome’s service files took up 3. Sep 21, 2021 · Open the three line menu button and click on History. To delete your profile information, like bookmarks and history, check "Also delete your browsing data. Once inside the Library folder, find and open the “Caches” folder. You will need to remember to do this regularly or limit what data Google collects from you by: Open Chrome and select your user account, top right. " Note that pressing the Delete key beside the Home and Edit keys doesn't work. Jul 1, 2021 · 1. At the top right of the profile you want to remove, click the three-dots menu. Select all options and the click the “Clear Browsing Data” button. Jun 4, 2021 · Go to More tools > Developer Tools on the Chrome menu. Step 1. Use the close button or [x] button to quit the process. 3. Dec 14, 2020 · Here's how to do it. Under "Apps & features," find and click Google Chrome. Select the type of data you want to remove and click on Clear Data at the bottom. How to Clear Chrome's Cache on Mac. Mozilla Firefox, like Safari and Chrome, uses caches to offer you a seamless browsing experience. Click and drag it onto your Mac’s Trash icon in the Dock. At the top right, click More Delete browsing data. Dec 1, 2021 · Turn off Hardware Acceleration in Google Chrome; 1. The user data directory is the parent of the profile directory. Lastly, right-click on the Trash bin and select the Empty Trash option to Jun 2, 2019 · Open the Chrome browser to a new browser window. Click Applications > Chrome Apps. Mar 28, 2024 · The good news is that it only takes a few minutes to delete cache Chrome on Mac. Aug 2, 2021 · Step 3: Clear the Data. Open the "Applications" folder to find the Google Chrome app. Go to the preferences menu by either using the Command+, keyboard shortcut or clicking the wrench icon top right in the browser and selecting the preferences option. For example, you can delete cookies for a specific site. Click the Go menu in the Finder or press Command-Shift-G. Choose “Library” from the Go menu options. Either choose the file that you want to delete or click the " Select All " button to delete all Apr 12, 2023 · Manually clear the Mac's user cache. Oct 12, 2019 · Step 2. Delete cookies and other site data. Jan 27, 2024 · Open Google Chrome on your Mac. com Try a complete remove and reinstall of Google Chrome. Improve this answer. To access the drawer, you must first click the symbol located at the upper right corner of the page. The Developer Tools pane Delete this: user>library>application support>google>chrome . Source. How can you enable clearing browsing data automatically when closing your Google Chrome windows? The feature you are looking for exists in the Google Chrome web browser; however, it is hidden within the Chrome If you also want to clear your browsing history, click on “History” -> “Clear History” in the menu bar. 5. In the menu bar (top left of your screen), click History. Or use the Command-Option-Esc keyboard shortcut to open the Force Quit Applications window. Next, head to your Applications folder in Finder and find Google Chrome. " Click "Clear History. If your Chrome browser isn’t loading tabs or pages properly, then you should try to clear the browsing data. Delete Passwords from Mobile Browser. " Dec 13, 2021 · Finally, click “Clear data. Note: Removing cookies and website data in Safari may change or remove them in other apps. And then go to the Chrome menu. Step 1: (Optional) Try clearing the cache for one site first If you are having problems with a website, you can try reloading the site and bypassing your cache by pressing “command” + “shift” + ‘r’. Manually Clearing Cache and Network Data. Select the box next to Cookies and other side data. At the bottom of your computer screen, in your Dock, right-click Chrome. Sep 27, 2010 · Cached images and files. To delete only cookies while keeping other data, do the following: Click the menu button , click History and then click Clear Recent History…. Once you have successfully opened Google Chrome on your Mac, the next step in clearing the cache involves accessing the "Clear Browsing Data" menu. You can also type "Chrome" in the built-in search engine and then press "Enter". Open Safari and go to Settings from the menu bar. Go to the Applications folder to get rid of the app. Example (Windows): [Profile Path] C:\Users\Alice\AppData\Local\Google\Chrome\User Data\Default. Follow these steps to delete Chrome apps or PWA from your Mac: Open the app you wish to remove. Click the three-dots icon from the top right of the window. Inside the opened folder, you’ll find various subfolders related to your system and installed Jan 29, 2011 · Use the xattr command. Step 5. Go to the Application Support folder → Google and remove the Chrome subfolder. Select all the folders inside the Caches folder and delete them. Now, go to Develop in the top menu and select Empty caches. This will open a dialog box to delete your browsing history, as well as your Since I was looking for the data written/saved by an app, sourced from the Mac App Store (Merlin Bird ID), this is the solution originally Comment from McLawrance: This help content & information General Help Center experience. . Click Uninstall app name. Jun 21, 2023 · If Google Chrome is in your Dock, right-click it, and choose Quit. Click on the Clear Browsing Data button, and you’ll Feb 6, 2024 · Step 3: Select "Clear Browsing Data". So, it is, usually, of significant size. Feb 16, 2022 · In simpler language, Service Worker is what goes on in the background of the sites you run. Clear browsing data in Chrome Step 2. Once you’ve deleted files in the Downloads folder, proceed to delete files in the Library folder. . 0). Either drag this icon directly to the Trash or use Command + Delete. However, there exists a Bug in google chrome that makes it report the real cache size much larger than Clearing them helps reduce the number of personalized ads you encounter, creating a more neutral and less intrusive browsing experience. In Chrome 58 and lower: Check the following: Empty the cache. Simply click the Clear Browsing Data. How to Clear Chrome's Cache on iOS. Move to the Advanced tab. To do this, click on the Finder icon in the Dock, select “Go” from the top menu bar, and then select See full list on lifewire. That’s huge! In Chrome. Delete individual items. To access the History option, first access your history menu, and next click on the History choice inside this menu. chdsl. Use the drop-down menu to Nov 21, 2021 · without the waiting time it would take to download a couple of GB on my internet connection, so it must access some cached file. On Windows and macOS, mouse over “More Tools” then click Apr 4, 2017 · Click the Go menu > Go to Folder. Here, locate and click the General Settings tab at the left. When you’re done, go to System Settings > General > Storage and see if you’ve reclaimed some storage space by deleting these local snapshots of Sep 14, 2018 · Use the below instructions to clear the ‘cache’ for the Chrome browser on your mac; this can be helpful for troubleshooting issues with websites and webapps. Click your application, and you'll see a list of files to remove. Step 3: Check Cookies and other site data and set the time range. If you signed up for Chrome Browser Cloud Management, go to Menu Chrome browser Managed browsers. This clears the cache used by applications on your Mac. Click the three-dot menu in the right corner of the Chrome window. If you have passwords stored on your Android or Sep 4, 2023 · Safari: Click the Safari menu at the top of the screen, then select Clear History. Hover over “ More Tools “. Click Clear. Select Quit. How to manage cache and cookies preferences in Chrome Dec 16, 2015 · Stack Exchange Network. Jul 20, 2023 · To clear Safari’s cache on Mac, open a new browser window in Safari. Use the Jul 10, 2024 · Adhere to the instructions on how to clear Google Drive cache on Mac: Get A Free Trial Now! Choose the Junk Cleaner and click the SCAN button. Apr 21, 2022 · Mac OS X 10. app". If you can’t find the browser on your Dock, press Command + space, then type chrome, hit Enter key. Then click Go. Hover your mouse over More Tools and select Clear Browsing Data. From the Managed Browser list, select one or more browsers. You can inspect the extended attributes: and use the -d option to delete one extended attribute: you can also use the -c option to remove all extended attributes: xattr -h will show you the command line options, and xattr has a man page. 4. Also, it stores cookies. May 22, 2024 · Method 2: Use Chrome’s Main Menu. 6. Click on the menu (three dots in the top right) and go to History > History, or use the keyboard shortcut Command + Y. just delete the chrome folder since I think its the place where they keep the settings. Select the beginning of time in the drop down box and click on the Clear Browsing Data button. Change the Time Span to All Time in the Settings. 1. Sign into Google Chrome so that all your preferences and bookmarks are safe. Select the types of information you want to remove. 7 (Lion) sudo killall -HUP mDNSResponder. A Clear History window will pop up. Here's how. Step 2: Launch the app and select the " System Junk " option. Click on "the last hour" and change it to "all history. Click again on the menu ⋮ in the upper-right corner of Google Chrome, go to History, select History and then click on the Clear browsing data option. Oct 7, 2023 · Here’s how you can get a general overview of system data on your Mac: Click the Apple Menu and select System Settings. You will be seeing there on your screen the following options: Feb 12, 2016 · Choose “Clear Browsing Data” from the menu list. At the top right, click the profile image. Set the Time range to clear dropdown to as far back as you want. For example, How do I uninstall Google Chrome *completely* from my Mac? shows where application settings are located. Go to Feb 18, 2024 · Method 1: Open your Applications Folder on Mac> Look for Chrome App > Right Click on the icon and then > Select Move to Trash. 2: Clear system logs: Go to Finder > Go > Go to Folder, then type in "/var/log" and hit enter. Click Uninstall. You can find this updates in /Library/Updates. Go to the Chrome menu. Open Chrome and type “ chrome://settings/passwords ” in the address bar, then press “ Enter “. Mac OS X 10. answered Aug 2, 2011 at 17:28. 1: Clear system cache: Go to Finder > Go > Go to Folder, then type in "~/Library/Caches" and hit enter. Method 2: Use Spotlight Search Key in Chrome > Select the Icon > Drag the Icon to Trash Bin. Clear individual pages from your Chrome history. 6 (Snow Leopard) sudo dscacheutil -flushcache. Jan 17, 2024 · Press Cmd (⌘) + delete from your keyboard to delete them. Click on "Clear History and Website Data…". Use these steps to get rid of those. Dec 8, 2021 · Open Google Chrome on Windows or Mac. Open Google Chrome. Launch Chrome on your Mac, then click Clear data. 10. Apr 18, 2017 · Go to the Finder in Mac OS. To confirm, click Delete. You may now go back to the Applications to move the app to the trash bin. The trick here is to open finder on Mac - Click on Go - and pressing the Option Button (which will show Library Folder). May 17, 2012 · I want to do things like remove all form autofill data except that from my banks and a few other sites. In the Clear History window, check the boxes beside Cookies and Cache. You can delete your entire autocomplete lists from Safari with a few steps: Launch Safari. Dec 25, 2023 · Click on Clear Data in the Cookies and Site Data section. Feb 1, 2024 · With Chrome now accessible, you're ready to move on to the next step in the cache-clearing process, which involves accessing the "Clear Browsing Data" menu. After accessing the Chrome menu and navigating to the Settings page, the next crucial step in clearing cookies and cache in Google Chrome on your Mac is to select the "Clear browsing data" option. How to delete search history on Firefox Mac Ensure Cookies and data site and Temporary cached files and pagesare checked. “. You can also choose Safari > Clear History…. 5 (Leopard) sudo lookupd -flushcache. Find and delete all unused files. To do this, you will need to do the following: Open Chrome on your Mac and click on the More icon (three dots) at the top right corner of the Chrome Apr 8, 2015 · I couldn't believe what I found: The Google Chrome. To do this, press Command+Shift+G and type ~/Library. Step 3. Instead of deleting entire categories of your browsing data, you can pick items to delete: Jan 17, 2018 · 2. At the bottom of the menu, choose Clear History…. Choose From the beginning of time and click again on Clear browsing data. Mar 18, 2022 · Now, let's see the way to clear cookies on Mac from Chrome page manually: Step 1: Launch Google Chrome browser. Click on the three-dot menu in the upper right corner. Chrome Open Chrome and click on “Chrome” -> “Settings” in the menu bar. Go to the three-dot menu at the upper right of Chrome to select More tools > Clear browsing data. In macOS Ventura and later, If you click on the Apple logo > About This Mac > More Info > General > Storage Settings (or in macOS Monterey and older: Apple logo > About This Mac > Storage), you Jul 4, 2022 · Use the Chrome apps folder. Jun 14, 2024 · 3. Feb 3, 2023 · Go to Finder > Downloads. This action allows you to specify the types of browsing data you want to remove, including cookies and cached Jun 23, 2014 · I suppose you could also search your computer for "Google Chrome. Spot the Google Chrome app icon within the list. May 23, 2022 · Open Safari. Either way, here's how it's done on macOS and iOS. Open Chrome, then click on the menu icon (three vertical dots) in the top right corner to open the dropdown menu. Follow the prompts, and reenact step 3 from Method 1 to clear out your old chrome user data, including your browsing history. Proceed to your Trash > Click on the icon > select Empty Trash. Feb 28, 2023 · Right click the Trash can icon and select Empty Trash to fully delete Chrome. Clear search Dec 1, 2021 · Turn off Hardware Acceleration in Google Chrome; 1. Go to More Tools and select Clear Browsing Data. You can also use the keyboard shortcut: Ctrl + Shift + I (Windows) or Shift + Command + I (macOS), or press F12. (Remember, I am not talking about the browser cache or RAM allocation, but simply the app itself. To clear cache in Mozilla Firefox. If you prefer a more advanced method, you can manually clear your Chrome cache and network data via the Mac file system. Clear browsing data. 要想知道你电脑上的 MacOS 版本,点击屏幕左上角的苹果图标。. soandos. In the pop-up box which appears Slick Savings. Further, in the Dock, right-click (or secondary click) the Trash icon → Empty Trash. On the next window that pops up, you’ll find easy-to-follow prompts. But Cmd + k perfectly works !!! Before using this shortcut make sure that the console is active! Sep 21, 2023 · Google Chrome. Choose the Settings option. Search. 4 (Tiger) lookupd -flushcache. 2). May 22, 2024 · Method 2: Use Chrome’s Main Menu. 该命令根据你所运行的 MacOS 版本而不同。. Mar 15, 2023 · A quick way to do this is to click one item or folder then press ⌘ Command + A to select all files. In Finder focus you can do Cmd+Shift+G and paste /Library/Updates in open windows then validate an you can explore directories type XXX-YYYY. When the scanning process is complete, you will sort all of the garbage files on your Mac into categories. Apr 29, 2011 · Another way to clear the history is to click on the History menu and select Show Full History. Right-click on the Trash icon. Uncheck the application itself in this list--that way, AppCleaner will leave the app in place, but delete all its settings. You can Force Quit the app as well. Navigate to Finder and then to the Applications folder. Then click on the Edit Items link on the right. In the Basic tab, select a desired time range and choose the items you wish to clear, then click “ Clear data “. 24. Find the page you want to delete, and click the x icon on the right side. Step 4: Click Clear data to clear cookies in Chrome on Mac. Choose a time range, like Last hour or All time. If you want to clear everything, choose All Time. Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Select cache types and time range to clear How to remove cache on Firefox. However, this is recommended for experienced users How to clear private data in Google Chrome: Click on the icon in the top right corner of the browser that consists of 3 dots aligned vertically. I'd also like to be able to remove all my Reddit history, for example. If it is Google Chrome, then type Google Chrome. Jun 21, 2023 · Also, check “Cached images and files” and click Clear Data. In the dialog box, type /Library/Updates and click the Go button. The related questions on the right side of this page also contain useful information. 每个版本的 MacOS 都有一个版本号和一个版本名称。. 5k 28 104 134. Chrome: Open Chrome and click on the three dots in the upper right corner. Select "Delete". In the Chrome History tab, look for the pages you want to delete. Choose a time range in the new pop-out window and check the boxes next to Cookies and other sites' data and Cached images and files. Learn how to change more cookie settings in Chrome. Using the GUI in Chrome, I can remove all history, or I can click each entry individually - way too time consuming. In the Advanced tab, check Show Develop menu in menu bar (Show features for developers in macOS Sonoma). Click the File menu and choose Move to Trash. Check the box next to Cached images and files to clear your cache. Once you delete DMG files, you’ll free up some space from System Data in Storage. Select Chrome and click Force Quit. Step 2: On the top left corner, click Chrome > Clear Browsing Data. Hold down the SHIFT key (in Sierra) or OPTION / ALT key (Earlier) and pull down the “Go” menu in the Finder. Scroll to the bottom of the Settings and click on “Advanced” to show more. Here is How to Clear the Cache and History of Chrome Browser on MacOS step by step: 1. Open the Library folder from Finder. Share. " In any window, press the following three-key shortcut combination depending on your platform. Published by Anson Alexander from http://AnsonAlex. To do this, you will need to do the following: Open Chrome on your Mac and click on the More icon (three dots) at the top right corner of the Chrome Feb 11, 2023 · To clear the cache in Chrome Mac, follow these steps: From the main menu in Chrome, access your cached browsing history, images, cookies, and files. Set Time range to clear: When: to Everything. Mac: Press Command+Shift+Backspace. in Library Folder, Go to Google -> Copy the Chrome Folder and paste it in same location in new device. Look for the Profile Path field. ~/Library/Application Support/Google/Chrome. Remove Google Chrome. Apr 3, 2015 · I do not know why, but on my Mac (OS X El Capitan v10, Google Chrome v40) shortcuts mentioned above Cmd+L do NOT clear the Console log. Alternatively, you can open the System Settings by clicking the settings app icon in your dock. When you sign in to Chrome, your info is saved to your Google Account so you can get it whenever you need it. You can remove the checkmark from Cookies and Site Data if you want to remain logged in to websites. Click Delete > Delete All Time to remove all history of the search box. Mac. Click on Clear Data to complete the process. Locate the problematic or malicious app in your Mac. In the Extension store, add the Uninstall App extension by clicking the down arrow. " Click Uninstall. First, open "Chrome. Click on Trash Bin > select Empty Trash. Select the Settings button next to "Other profiles". After typing the command and hitting enter, there will be a prompt for entering your computer's password. Select All time in the Time range drop down box and click on the CLEAR DATA button. Launch the Chrome browser on your MacBook. Right-click the highlighted area and select Move to Trash. I followed this steps to uninstall Google Chat. To clear Safari cache. In the dialog box that appears, type /Library (the / is important) Go through five different folders Sep 21, 2023 · Google Chrome. Apr 11, 2019 · Ideally, I'd save my history, cookies, bookmarks and any other data Chrome stores on browsing. Finally, empty the trash. Now that you know how to clear Chrome cache and cookies on Mac both manually and automatically, we have one final tip for you. Step 3: Find the Chrome app in the Finder's Applications folder. Press Manage your Google Account. You can also delete recently searched history right in the search box by clicking the x icon behind it. Navigate to chrome://version. In the menu bar (top left of your screen) click History. Right-click it and select Uninstall in the drop-down menu. At the “Clear browsing data” screen in Chrome, choose what web data and caches you wish to clear, and choose the time period to delete from: (Select “the beginning of time” if you wish to delete all data from all periods of Chrome usage) Browsing history – this is the record of web Dec 23, 2012 · The easiest way to delete Google Chrome's cache is to delete the cache directory. It's cache stores scripts and variables and other data that helps a site load faster. This gives the path to the profile directory. com. 在终端窗口中,你将需要输入一个命令。. Click "Safari" in the menu bar on the top-left side of the screen. Follow the steps below to clear cache Chrome on Mac: 1. Finally, click Remove. Click Delete data. Drag and drop the Google Chrome icon to Trash directly. (On a Mac, the backspace key is labeled "Delete. Choose which caches and temporary files to clear, you can selectively choose specific Jul 4, 2024 · Open browser. This will open a dialog box to delete your browsing history, as well as your Dec 14, 2020 · How to purge Chrome from your Mac. Oct 12, 2023 · Quit the app entirely by pressing and holding Cmd + Q or Control-clicking the Chrome app in your Dock and hitting Quit from the menu that appears. Select “Chrome” in the main menu, and then scroll down and select the “Clear Browsing Data” option. Run Finder. ”. Locate the website in the list, then select next to it to delete it from your account, then select “ Remove “. Keep on reading to learn how to manage site data in Chrome. Clear Chrome browsing data on Mac. In the Admin console, go to Menu Devices Chrome Managed browsers . Clear all cookies and keep other data. On your computer, open Chrome. Select “Data & privacy” from the left sidebar. Select the Chrome app you wish to delete, control-click it, and choose Move to Trash. ) I looked inside the . Go to Settings, navigate to On Startup click on Set Pages and remove all the pages except for May 4, 2023 · To remove an SSL certificate from your Mac, you will need to open the Keychain Access app. Sep 3, 2015 · How to clear your cache, cookies and data in Google Chrome for both Windows OS and Mac OS X. Click Uninstall to confirm the action. zx so av ky yi su ih wd iy sv