Flutter bluetooth scan

Jul 12, 2022 路 Everything was going great till the moment when I found out that flutter bluetooth serial package doesn’t actually work with Ios devices (have been doing all tests on android device). To enable Bluetooth functionality, you need to add the flutter_blue package to your project. You can use this list to find the device you want to connect with. This plugin aims to offer the most from both platforms (iOS and Android). The parameter priority is an enum that uses the same spec as the BluetoothGatt Android spec. I have a flutter app running with a Bluetooth barcode scanner, which is being used as keyboard input. Internationalization. Flutter Gems is a curated list of Dart & Flutter packages that are categorized based on functionality. I have a button that is supposed to scan for all BLE devices, but it never finds anything. Inspired by flutter_pos_printer. Aug 16, 2022 at 7:32. FlutterScanBluetooth. Scaned beacons will provide proximity values. I can’t mock them directly (I don’t want to in any case, that’s a LOT of classes) because e. Could be out-of-date. First thing first we need to find our device so let’s do a good old scan ! Oct 8, 2023 路 #flutter #ble #bluetooth Hello everyone! In this Flutter tutorial, we will delve into the seamless integration of a BLE Scanner within a Flutter application. ready. dart add the following: we can see that the DeviceListScreen returns a Consumer3 widget that depends on two objects: BleScanner , BleScannerState, and BleDeviceConnector. I don't want to use any plugin because I only need to read a QR code, Get MACaddress and let Flutter connect to a hidden Bluetooth device with a static password. Flutter provides a range of packages to simplify the integration of Bluetooth into your app. Some open questions:1. ISSUE : The flutter app doesn't detect my raspberry but detect all the others devices (bluetooth speaker, headphones). One of the most popular packages is flutter_blue. I need to use an external barcode scanner which is connected via Bluetooth to my device (it is recognized as a keyboard). Scanning for nearby Bluetooth devices. For brevity, here are the actual changes: [Behavior Change] android: listen to Services Changed characteristic to match iOS behavior. flutter_scan_bluetooth library API docs, for the Dart programming language. BLUETOOTH". For this process, you can use a package called Flutter Blue. FlutterBluePlus only supports Bluetooth Low May 24, 2023 路 Looking at your code it seems like you never actually listen for the scan result. Describes is the local device in discoverable mode. Here's a demo of the app in action: Congratulations! 馃帀 You've now built an app using FlutterFlow that can interact with an IoT device over Bluetooth Low Energy. This library is actively developed alongside production apps, and the API will evolve as we continue our way to version 1. Run flutter pub get to install the dependencies. Alpha version. Mar 5, 2019 路 That said, if we try running our app it will crash: To fix this, we need to add the sdk to the AndroidManifest. As far as I know, FlutterBluetoothSerial is NOT compatible with the iOS BLE (Bluetooth 4. Establishing a BLE connection. fromCharCodes(_value); } The skuCode is not a valid string. Note: Bluetooth Low Energy doesn't work on emulators, so use physical devices which has bluetooth features for development. We are going to write an nRF connect light where we will be able to scan, connect, read and write on devices. You'll learn how to use the Flutter Blue Plus plugin to scan for devi Using the FlutterBlue instance, you can scan for and connect to nearby devices (BluetoothDevice). It Jan 16, 2021 路 blue_thermal_printer. library. Nov 1, 2020 路 I've been searching Bluetooth BLE usage with Flutter but it seems there are only a few plugins and they've some issues. flutterReactiveBle. 0. $ sudo sdptool add SP # There can be channel specified one of 79 channels by adding `--channel N`. "android. flutter_ble_lib library. name} found Dec 30, 2022 路 So I need to mock the Bluetooth scan; I need to Mock devices that match the last device and devices that don’t match the last device. We have an app that collects data from our BLE devices and sends it to the web for users to view. What I have tried so far: Tried to change Bluetooth scan mode from ScanMode. Describes is the Bluetooth interface enabled on host device. Nov 17, 2023 路 Nov 17, 2023. A significant function of the plugin is to start scanning for nearby iBeacons. I saw this logs in Android 12 : D/BluetoothAdapter: isLeEnabled(): ON D/BluetoothLeScanner: onScannerRegistered() - status=0 scannerId=8 Feb 2, 2024 路 This library allows to print esc commands to printers in different platforms such as android, ios, windows and different interfaces as Bluetooth and BLE, USB and Wifi/Ethernet. startScan(timeout: Duration(seconds: 4)); // Listen to scan results. The application works well while in the foreground but scans are failing when the application is in background. Jan 11, 2021 路 In the other hand I have a flutter app that detect bluetooth devices and show them in a list. Next, do a scan using startScanmethod. Flutter Blue provides all the features needed to transfer data between devices. dll that the manufacturer provides with a Flutter project to call the functions, it even comes with a guide The first goal of this project, started by @edufolly was making an interface for Serial Port Protocol (HC-05 Adapter). Once connected to a device, the BluetoothDevice object can discover services ( BluetoothService ), characteristics ( BluetoothCharacteristic ), and descriptors ( BluetoothDescriptor ). It filters the scan results to those that advertise a service with specified UUID. I did it in Kotlin and i started scan from Flutter via MethodChannel. The plugin (for now) uses Serial Port profile for moving data over RFCOMM, so make sure there is running Service Discovery Protocol that points to SP Mar 25, 2022 路 Generally speaking, Bluetooth is a frequency-hopping wireless technology that transmits data packets within the 2. This plugin makes it easier to scan nearby iBeacons and range them in flutter app. Sep 15, 2023 路 The process of Flutter Bluetooth pairing can be summarized in the following steps, here is a high-level glimpse into the process: Installation of the Flutter Bluetooth library. About background task, u can achieve with some other pkg 'flutter_beacon' which hav inbuild streaming 'monitoring, for background tracing. [Fix] android: stop scanning when detached from engine (bug in original flutter_blue) [Add] device. Now I want to publish a release APK to install it on other devices. 12: 2 years ago Mar 3, 2022 路 My main goal is to be able to trigger the scanning mode and retrieve a list with the scanned tags and the possibilities I crossed throught that could help me get on the way to achieve this goal seems to be as follows: 1. If you have more than 1 adapters, the first one returned from the system will be picked. Jun 8, 2024 路 Last updated: June 8, 2024. Jan 31, 2023 路 Using it like this limits the permission request to SDK version 30 and older. # power on. Check the documentation for more information. Open the pubspec. 4 GHz band, but unlike standard Bluetooth, it maxes out at just 1 Mbps while consuming just 0. A flutter application that scans near bluetooth devices and gives name and mac details. Flutter plugin that allows to find bluetooth devices & send raw bytes data. Using highPerformance will increase battery usage but will speed up GATT operations. Can it find your device? 3. Headphones, speakers, keyboards, mice, gamepads, & printers all use Bluetooth Classic. It uses MLKit to provide fast and accurate scanning on both Android and iOS devices. The library is organised around a few base entities, which are: You have to create an instance of BleManager and initialise underlying native resources. 0 +) device. Nov 5, 2021 路 An intro to adding Bluetooth functionality to a Flutter application. I'm totally confused, how can I use flutter_blue to receive data from my ESP32 device, the ESP32 is working properly and I've tested it using "BLE Scan", as far as I understood the writeDataAndWaitForRespond function should do the work but it doesn't and it won't even enter the following loop: Cross-Platform Bluetooth LE. You can send messages to the bluetooth module and perform various operations. The Dec 29, 2022 路 ASMA. <uses-permission Mar 13, 2024 路 #flutter #ble #bluetooth Hello everyone! In this Flutter tutorial, we will delve into the seamless integration of a BLE Scanner + connecting to BLE devices i So, the app stopped failing after that and scan obviously returned nothing and no permission request been brought up on the scan attempts. Clear GATT cache. Using that instance you then obtain an instance of Peripheral, which can be used to FlutterBlue aims to offer the most from both platforms (iOS and Android). Feb 24, 2021 路 I want to set up a mobile application with flutter which also runs in the background. yaml file. Returns the hardware address of the local Bluetooth adapter. It has been written in Flutter and works fine on iOS in foreground mode. Change your code to the following and it should work: <uses-permission android:name="android. BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission. createUnsafePeripheral ( "< known id >" ); Once you have the instance of the peripheral, you may proceed with the connection. 3. For help on editing plugin code, view the documentation. esc_pos_bluetooth. No crashes and scan works. Here we are going to see how to communicate through Bluetooth with your IoT device using a phone application. xml. Mobile Scanner is compatible with CameraX, AVFoundation and Apple Vision frameworks. There is no other change in my codebase. 8. In our hyper-connected era, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology is absolutely everywhere. – adadion. Checks is the Bluetooth interface avaliable on host device. Also, you only need BLUETOOTH_SCAN and BLUETOOTH_CONNECT for SDK >30. listen((results) { // do something with scan results for (ScanResult r in results) { print('${r. Enum-like class for all types of pairing variants. Add bluetooth_low_energy as a dependency in your pubspec. Once connected to a device, the BluetoothDevice object can discover services ( BluetoothService ), characteristics ( BluetoothCharacteristic Represents ongoing Bluetooth connection to remote device. Main Features. The hash code for this object. Nov 4, 2023 路 Flutter Bluetooth - How can i take file from device with bluetooth? 0 Scanning for Bluetooth devices with startDiscovery but no devices found Developing Bluetooth applications with Flutter is quite easy. You can do it by using FutureBuilder, that worked for me. These devices may be found in System Settings, but they cannot be connected to by FlutterBluePlus. – Claudio Castro Nov 14, 2019 at 15:53 Nov 22, 2022 路 This flutter app will help you to connect to Bluetooth Devices (like, HC-05). listen((value) { _value = value; String skuCode = String. try by removing "android:usesPermissionFlags="neverForLocation" " in <uses-permission android:name="android. dependencies: bluetooth_low_energy: ^<latest-version>. In your device_list. Now the plugin features: Sending and receiving data (multiple connections). this application allows you to scan Bluetooth devices and listen to events to launch notification and/or start a ringtone. Initially, you will have to give location Stable versions of flutter_bluetooth_serial. Version Min Dart SDK Uploaded Documentation Archive; 0. // 1. First thing first we need to find our device so let's do a good old scan! FlutterBlue flutterBlue = FlutterBlue. You can also customize the camera view and the scan result. However in Android 12, plugin discovers other ble devices but not Beacons. Aug 16, 2022 路 But you can filter the result then only show bluetooth printer. The application works fine in the debug mode. your device uses bluetooth classic, not BLE. By default, the app has only on and off functionality for any paired bluetooth devices, but you can add as many functionality as you want. And I am using permission_handler plugin to handle permissions. How to get data from these services/characteristics. Jan 11, 2024 路 Once Flutter is up and running, create a new Flutter project or open an existing one that you want to enhance with Bluetooth functionality. Jun 20, 2023 路 Implement a method to scan and retrieve a list of Bluetooth devices: you’ll be able to retrieve a list of Bluetooth devices in your Flutter application using the flutter_blue package. dev. A Flutter plugin to expose the features of Bluetooth Adapter for only Android. g. Jun 9, 2024 路 Getting Started. Navigate to your project folder and follow these steps: android -> app -> src Sep 4, 2022 路 The problem is that I am trying to scan for other mobile devices near me using flutter_blue but it is made only for devices like earbuds or speaker. lowLatency to ScanMode. Feb 27, 2022 路 This flutter app will help you to connect to Bluetooth Devices (like, HC-05). 4 GHz band to interconnect nearby devices. If your app looks for Bluetooth devices, such as BLE peripherals, declare the BLUETOOTH_SCAN permission. We want to be able to discover new devices May 17, 2024 路 Add the Bluetooth capability to the macOS app from Xcode. Dec 30, 2019 路 How to connect your BLE device with a flutter app. Of course, don't waste time trying to implement Bluetooth from scratch. Bluetooth Low Energy is a variant of Bluetooth that also operates in the 2. # agent on. If device is ready we can use scan method To do so, you need to create an instance of Peripheral using: Peripheral myPeripheral = bleManager. $ sudo bluetoothctl # power on # agent on # scan on # pair [MAC of the Flutter host] # quit Add SP/RFCOMM entry to the SDP service $ sudo sdptool add SP # There can be channel specified one of 79 channels by adding `--channel N`. android:maxSdkVersion="30" />. device. Describes is the dicovery process of Bluetooth devices running. The plugin provides developers with powerful BluetoothDevice. [ ] set paper size. advName returns the name found during scanning. Clean Architecture. # pair [MAC of the Flutter host] # quit. Scanning for nearby Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) devices is a fundamental feature for BLE-enabled applications. flutter_ble_lib. Here are May 15, 2024 路 Mobile Scanner is a Flutter package that allows you to scan barcodes and QR codes with ease. Adding Bluetooth Package to Your Flutter Project. – Dec 4, 2021 路 First of all, there is no easy way. flutter_bluetooth_serial library API docs, for the Dart programming language. Main Features # Android, iOS and Windows support; Scan for bluetooth devices Jan 6, 2024 路 I have an application that connects to a bluetooth device to read the scan. Thank you in advance for your assistance. // 2. I have following lines in AndroidManifest. Dec 22, 2021 路 The main goal of a bluetooth connection is to connect to a device, discover its services and write/read data from it. As stated in the official guide, you have to include BLUETOOTH_SCAN permission in order to be able to scan Bluetooth devices. read()` will return partial data. We can do this by calling the startScan method on the flutterBlue instance. import 'dart:math'; // split write should be used with caution. Custom Animations. Once connected to a device, the BluetoothDevice object can discover services ( BluetoothService ), characteristics ( BluetoothCharacteristic ), and descriptors Dec 22, 2021 路 The main goal of a bluetooth connection is to connect to a device, discover its services and write/read data from it. It is currently in the development stage, so it is not yet available for use. 0# or the latest version. To do so, you need to create an instance of Peripheral using: Peripheral myPeripheral = bleManager. I'm using Flutter Blue package. Supports both Android and iOS. 89 1 1 7. This package allows you to use Bluetooth features. It's important to conduct these scans responsibly to balance the need for device discovery against the impact on battery life and user privacy. 01 to 0. You must learn at least some basics of Bluetooth protocol if you want to work with it successfully. xml: iOS In On Android 11 and lower: Use the current permission request logic. lowPower and ScanMode. 6 days ago 路 These releases changed multiple things but then changed them back. It returns an object like : late StreamSubscription<List<int>> _lastValueSubscription; _lastValueSubscription = characteristic. This allows us to interact with the Bluetooth library anywhere in the widget tree. Feb 5, 2024 路 The reactive BLE lib supports the following: BLE device discovery. BLUETOOTH_SCAN" android:usesPermissionFlags="neverForLocation"/> <!-- Simple (console) server on Raspberry Pi: Enable Bluetooth and pair Raspberry with the Flutter host device (only first time) $ sudo bluetoothctl. 5 watts. If i tap on the TextInputField the native android Keyboard pops up to enter text, which is fine, but i need to supress the keyboard since iam going to scan Barcodes and i need the full Screen to see my scanned Barcodes. yaml and run flutter pub getinside your project folder, you can start scanning for devices using its startScan method. . createUnsafePeripheral("< known id >"); Once you have the instance of the peripheral, you may proceed with the connection. Flutter Provider with Bluetooth. Observe host device BLE status. 0: Null safety: 2. connect() we should request permission for BLUETOOTH_CONNECT. Some of them use same generic UUID 0001101-0000-1000-8000-00805F9B34FB. Then, from the scanResult, check with those list of UUID, if match, then put it in a list to display to user. More than 100 million people use GitHub to discover, fork, and contribute to over 420 million projects. # scan on. The problem is that I need to set the focus to the TextField in order to get the content of the barcode Is there a way for the current screen to Dec 10, 2021 路 1. NOTE: isConnectable and overflowServiceUuids fields of ScanResult are iOS-only and remain null on Android. startScan(timeout: Duration(seconds: 4)); // Listen to scan results var subscription = flutterBlue. May 27, 2021 路 Our only resource is Android developers New Bluetooth permissions in Android 12. Jul 2, 2022 路 Enable Bluetooth and pair Raspberry with the Flutter host device (only first time) $ sudo bluetoothctl. How to discover the services that your BLE device provides. I managed to do all this and it works very well with the flutter_blue plugin. (for example, Gprinter pt-280銆乸t-380銆乬p-1324銆乬p-2120 eg. Add SP/RFCOMM entry to the SDP service. When publishing on Windows you need to declare the following capabilities: bluetooth, radios. The app works perfectly fine in Android 11 or lower. To associate your repository with the flutter-bluetooth topic, visit your repo's landing page and select "manage topics. I'm using flutter_blue_plus package to scan BLE devices. However, when the app goes in the background mode scan for new BLE devices always returns an empty set. Below is a guide and example code snippet for starting a Bluetooth device scan: Nov 14, 2023 路 Before you start scan need to make sure device is ready for scan, you can simply check it with below code. For some reason the keyboard seems to "hide" and "show" for every character in the barcode I scan, so about 10 times a scan. The usage section of flutter_blue_plus shows an example: // Start scanning flutterBlue. Once you’ve added its dependency in pubspec. android:maxSdkVersion="30"/>. Initially, you will have to give location Cant find any devices while flutter blue plus scanning. Using Bluetooth Features with Flutter Blue. Theme Changes. Jan 8, 2021 路 On Android you can send a connection priority update to the BLE device. verison. flutter_scan_bluetooth. Mar 6, 2022 路 1. $ sudo sdptool browse local # Check on which channel RFCOMM will be operating, to select in next step. So it is not able to show me other devices in the scan results. // @TODO . It works well and I can get the content of a barcode inside a TextField. Add this topic to your repo. 4. Dec 2, 2018 路 1. What now? Mockito to the rescue! Mockito creates fake classes for you. Flutter plugin to scan Bluetooth devices. Web # Dec 25, 2023 路 The beacon_flutter plugin particularly augments the capabilities of a Flutter app to interact with BLE devices. opportunistic for the startScan flutter_bluetooth_basic. --> <uses-permission android:name="android. Plugin used - flutter_blue_plus,Workmanager. permission. May 21, 2024 路 Adding Dependencies. This plugin will enable users to send text, images, and other data to the printer, allowing them to easily print documents, tickets, receipts Jun 9, 2018 路 iam developing a Flutter app to acquire numbers via an extrernal Bluetooth Scanner which acts like a normal Keyboard. Initially, you will have to give location Nov 13, 2019 路 In the example I gave the scan is not interrupted, but you can put a button to stop the search and you deal with the array of devices. Represents information about the device. My use case is I am trying to connect bluetooth scanner device (Socket 7XI[68481F]) but can’t find it with this plugin, though other devices are visible . Jan 24, 2024 路 The most commonly used package is the flutter_blue_pluspackage, which provides a comprehensive set of Bluetooth tools. Jun 8, 2024 路 Maintenance Status: Poor. The library allows to print receipts using a Bluetooth printer. Windows / Linux # Your Bluetooth adapter needs to support at least Bluetooth 4. As it is mainly compatible with HC-5 which is Bluetooth 2. D/BluetoothAdapter (25915): isLeEnabled (): ON. flutter_bluetooth_scanner by Elian Ortega. D/BluetoothLeScanner (25915): could not find callback wrapper. I saw results in console on Android 11 but i can't see in Android 12. Maintaining connection status of multiple BLE devices. TODO (PRs are welcomed!) Split byte data into chunks: issue; Print QR Codes using the GS ( k command (printing QR code from an image already supported) PDF-417 Barcodes using the GS ( k command This flutter app will help you to connect to Bluetooth Devices (like, HC-05). Getting Started. Bluetooth Low Energy is a variant of Properties. BLUETOOTH_SCAN". Using the FlutterBlue instance, you can scan for and connect to nearby devices ( BluetoothDevice ). a ScanResult has no constructor. There is just saying add permissions. Apr 26, 2021 路 I developed a simple app using the flutter-blue package. Use packages and you will learn everything while writing code, reading documentation and debugging. Android and iOS support; Scan for bluetooth devices; Send raw List<int> bytes data to a device; Getting Started. instance; flutterBlue. This Flutter plugin allows users to connect to a thermal printer through Bluetooth on Android devices. D/BluetoothLeScanner (25915): onScannerRegistered The snippet above starts peripheral scan and stops it after receiving first result. BLUETOOTH_CONNECT". lang. scanResults. It also resizes my widgets over and over since the keyboard continuously shows and hides. Inspired by bluetooth_print. beacons_plugin is a Flutter package. To run the app on a device, connect a physical device (Android or iOS) to your system, and use this command from the project directory: flutter run. So in your manifest it should look like this: BLE Scan in background mode. Oct 31, 2022 路 BluetoothPrint is a bluetooth plugin for Flutter, a new mobile SDK to help developers build bluetooth thermal printer apps for both iOS and Android. The startScan method takes a list of ScanResult objects, representing the devices found during the scan. First, you need to list all UUID of any available bluetooth printer. May 13, 2023 路 Behaviour in iOS - Scanning not working when the app is in minimised state and also not working when the app is in a killed state/when the phone is locked. I add and I got runtime permissions for both and of course location (usual as pre 12)). lastValueStream. Aug 8, 2019 路 HI Team , I am also facing the same problem. Expected Behaviour - Scanning should work in all the states of the app life cycle. The terminal always responds with. ) Underway (please suggest) [ ] print x,y positions. Library for handling Bluetooth Low Energy functionality. Performance. Subscribe to a characteristic. ) "Merge" the SDK . " GitHub is where people build software. Apr 4, 2023 路 In this video, we'll explore how to scan for available Bluetooth devices using Flutter. Using Bluetooth features with Flutter Blue is Aug 13, 2023 路 Basically triggering BLE scan and then getRemoteName on Android 12 or 13, is crashing the app with the java. . Discover services (will be implicit) Read / write a characteristic. Once you have a FlutterBlue instance, start scanning for BLE devices. due to splitting, `characteristic. status == BleStatus. I would appreciate any insights or suggestions on how to resolve this problem and successfully scan for Bluetooth devices using the Flutter Blue package on all Android devices. For help getting started with Flutter, view our online documentation. opportunistic for the startScan Oct 2, 2023 路 1. [ ] more print examples. Introduction. Is there difference in way of connecting flutter app with serial B Jul 10, 2023 路 I have also tried requesting Bluetooth permissions at runtime using the permission_handler package, but the issue persists. :package: Flutter plugin to scan Bluetooth devices - kiwi-bop/flutter_scan_bluetooth I am using flutter_blue for bluetooth scans and wifi_scan for Wifi scans. It’s the invisible thread that binds a myriad of devices, from smartwatches to Install a BLE scanner app on your phone. But once I gave "nearby devices" permission back to the app all seem to be working. IOS. Mar 14, 2022 路 I'm trying create a plugin that scan BLE devices for Flutter. Testing. Now I'm puzzled if that has something to do with the old Bluetooth permissions that app had. I also tried the other flutter bluetooth serial plugin but in my case I’ll be needing this functionality in my IOS app . For WiFi/Ethernet printers, use esc_pos_printer library. Mar 17, 2022 路 Generally speaking, Bluetooth is a frequency-hopping wireless technology that transmits data packets within the 2. So I’m wondering if there is a way to make it work on ios devices or if there is any alternative way that I can use to creat the serial communication between Nov 19, 2022 路 I am using flutter_blue for bluetooth scans and wifi_scan for Wifi scans. For a full example please check /example folder. yaml file and add the following dependency: dependencies:flutter:sdk:flutterflutter_blue:^0. List of Top Flutter Bluetooth, NFC, Beacon & Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) packages. 1- Ask Bluetooth permission: In the AndroidManifest. The BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission needs to be added along with BLUETOOTH_SCAN permission here: May 22, 2023 路 If your app doesn't use Bluetooth scan results to derive physical location information, you can strongly assert that your app doesn't derive physical location. FlutterBlue is a bluetooth plugin for Flutter, a new mobile SDK to help developers build modern apps for iOS and Android. When I go in the native scan bluetooth of my android phone - the raspberry is detected and I can connect to him. BLUETOOTH_SCAN" android:usesPermissionFlags="neverForLocation" /> If it doesnt work I would recommend to use Permission package to get all permissions. SecurityException: Need android. add updating the info via some fn. Flutter Gems is also a visual alternative to pub. It provides a straightforward, higher-level implementation to manage and interact with Bluetooth devices. On Android 12+: Use permission logic that matches the required behavior: When calling startScan() we should request permission for BLUETOOTH_SCAN, prior to actually starting the scan. it can only be used *with* response to avoid data loss // 3. Asking for necessary permissions: Bluetooth permissions and Location permissions where necessary. When calling device. splitWrite: To write lots of data (unlimited), you can define the splitWrite function. Is it for Android or iOS? Both! We are going to use Flutter as a development framework for mobile app. But keep in mind that Android may still not find the peripheral without scanning it first. ay nm og ce ao hm bf od nc qc